(cid:NN). The PDF this text was extracted from encodes 3 characters in a way that names no letter, so the extractor could not say what they were. The quotes keep them because a quote is reproduced exactly or it proves nothing — the marks are the source’s, not the tagging’s.phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | auditory temporal masking— “The physiological mechanism of auditory temporal masking was studied by single-unit analysis in the cat's cochlear nucleus and inferior colliculus.” [checked against the archived source, not this rendering] | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “The mechanism of forward masking may be due to the postexcitatory inhibition of some slow-adapting neurons and to synaptic inhibition for fast-adapting ones.” [checked against the archived source, not this rendering] | |
| method — evidence | — “The recording system for neuronal activity was conventional; single-unit activity was recorded extracellularly by a tungsten microelectrode and stored on magnetic tape for subsequent off-line computation.” [checked against the archived source, not this rendering] | |
| mechanism | A faint probe tone drives an abnormally long response latency in collicular neurons, so the probe's discharge arrives at or after the discharge evoked by the following noise burst and is absorbed into it, which produces backward masking— “In the backward masking situation with a masking interval of 0 msec, the latency in response to noise bursts calculated from the beginning of the probe tone becomes 20msec. Accordingly, the unit does not elicit backward masking in the case of a latency of less than 20msec in response to the probe tone.” | mechanisms[0] |
| builds-on | ELLIOT (1962a)— “For monotic conditions of forward and backward masking, the parameters of the stimulating sounds used were the same as those employed by ELLIOT (1962a).” [checked against the archived source, not this rendering] | claim_relations[0] |
| extends | ELLIOTT (1962a, b) and PICKETT (1959)— “As shown in Fig. 8, the relationship between the amount of masking and the masking interval between the probe tone and the noise burst shows tendencies similar to those in the psychological data of ELLIOTT (1962a, b) and PICKETT (1959), although the curves indicate some differences from neuron to neuron.” | claim_relations[1] |
| sense | THE DISTINCTION IS PSYCHOLOGICAL AND THE ARGUMENT IS ANATOMICAL. `From the psychological point of view two kinds of auditory masking are known, that is, simultaneous and temporal masking` - a split made by psychophysics, which this paper then tests by asking where in the cat's auditory pathway each one appears. A behavioural taxonomy checked against anatomy, which is the move Carlesimo2004 makes for priming thirty-three years later and mcmahon-olson2007 makes for repetition suppression— “From the psychological point of view two kinds of auditory masking are known, that is, simultaneous and temporal masking.” | senses[0] |
| sense | AND THE LOCATION IS ESTABLISHED BY AN ABSENCE: `Backward masking may involve central processes because it was not demonstrable in the cochlear nucleus.` Nothing was found at the first relay, therefore the mechanism is above it. A null result at one recording site doing positive work - which only holds because the same preparation DID show forward masking there, so the absence is not a failure of the method | senses[1] |
| sense | IT IS THE PHYSIOLOGY OF marcel1983's INSTRUMENT, AND NEITHER CITES THE OTHER. marcel1983 uses backward masking to render a prime unreportable and shows that semantic access survives it; this paper, twelve years earlier and in cats, asks WHERE backward masking happens and answers `not in the cochlear nucleus`. One paper uses the tool, the other locates it. The corpus holds both, and the pairing is only visible because they sit side by side - the sixth such pair found tonight | senses[2] |
| control | both stimulus conditions held constant while the masking measurement was made — held — rules out a change in the stimulus itself explaining the change in masking | controls[0] |
| control | masking measured as the difference in probe-tone threshold with and without the noise burst, at each delay — held — rules out the probe threshold itself drifting - the with/without difference at the same delay cancels anything common to both | controls[1] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[1] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | Only a small number of collicular units showed backward masking, so the effect rests on few cells. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | Recordings were made under anesthesia and restraint; the authors say further work in unanesthetized, unrestrained animals is needed for the higher auditory centres. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | A possible fourth mechanism (feedback inhibition from higher levels) could not be demonstrated with the present methods. Quotation withheld — our stored copy of this sentence carries a text-extraction fault (two words run together), so it is not what the paper says. The tag itself stands; the sentence is being re-fetched. | limitations[2] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Forward masking weakened as the interval between the noise burst and the probe tone grew at both recording sites, but the decline was more abrupt in the inferior colliculus than in the cochlear nucleus. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Backward masking in the inferior colliculus took three forms: "on" neurons with a long latency to the probe tone (6 units), neurons inhibited by the noise burst (3 units), and "off" neurons (2 units). Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | A unit produced backward masking only when its latency to the probe tone exceeded the 20 msec at which the noise burst's own response arrived, so units responding within 20 msec showed none. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | The single-neuron curves relating amount of masking to masking interval followed the same trends as the published psychophysical masking data of Elliott and Pickett, although individual neurons differed from one another. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Only a small proportion of inferior collicular units showed backward masking at all. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Fast-adapting neurons form the overwhelming majority of neurons in the inferior colliculus. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| quantity | 36 — number of inferior collicular neurons tested for backward masking, of which 11 showed it in three modes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 6 units; 3 units; 2 units — how the 11 backward-masking units divided across the long-latency "on", noise-inhibited, and "off" modes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | more than 20msec / 10msec — the unit's response latency to the probe tone inside the backward-masking region versus its latency to the noise burst Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 14.5msec at-30dB — measured response latency at 3,500 Hz at the highest of four tested intensities, the shortest of the reported latency shifts Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| variable | masking interval (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | amount of masking (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | stimulus intensity in dB (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| definition | "off" type neuron Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| concept | simultaneous masking — not defined in this paper's own words; DEFINED BY TIMING ALONE: 'the situation in which masked and masking stimuli are presented CONCURRENTLY.' A terminology-fixing sentence - the kind that does the corpus's work for it - and the definition mentions no mechanism, which is what lets the paper then go looking for one Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[0] |
| concept | temporal masking — not defined in this paper's own words; masker and probe NOT overlapping in time, so nothing peripheral need be shared. The paper's bet is that this one is central: 'it is assumed that temporal masking may be related to the neural mechanisms in the higher auditory system' - an assumption at the start, and the recordings are the test of it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[1] |
| concept | backward masking — not defined in this paper's own words; a masker AFTER the probe, which cannot work by overlapping it. Located by an absence: 'may involve central processes because it was not demonstrable in the cochlear nucleus.' This is the tool marcel1983 uses twelve years later to make a prime unreportable - the corpus now holds the instrument and the physiology of it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[2] |
| concept | cochlear nucleus — not defined in this paper's own words; the first central relay of the auditory pathway, and here it functions as a boundary marker rather than a subject: what appears there can be peripheral, what does not must be further up. A recording site used as a place to draw a line Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[3] |
| histogram | as written: stimulus time (PST) histograms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
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