phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | localization of single-neuron recordings in human hippocampal CA1 and CA3— “In this paper, verified localization of singly recorded hippocampal neurons within the CA3 and CA1 cell fields is demonstrated.” | |
| claim-type | method— “In this study we demonstrate a combined imaging and electrophysiological recording methodology that successfully confirms electrode placement within the CA1 and CA3 subfields of the human hippocampus without requiring postoperative histological confirmation.” | |
| method — evidence | — “Macro-micro depth electrodes were implanted in 23 human patients undergoing invasive monitoring for identification of epileptic seizure foci.” | |
| mechanism | Monosynaptic Schaffer collateral transmission from CA3 to CA1 produces the 2-5 msec lagged firing correlation, while shared perforant path input to both subfields produces the 0-msec synchronous correlation.— “Synchronous activity (0-msec differential) indicates common input, consistent with perforant path projections to both CA3 and CA1. Feed-forward short-lag (2–5 msec) correlation is consistent with correctly categorized CA1 and CA3 neurons connected monosynaptically by Schaffer collateral projections.” | mechanisms[0] |
| extends | Ulbert et al., intraoperative layer-specific human hippocampal recordings with postoperative histology— “Electrophysiological recordings were limited due to anesthesia, and this approach required additional time and risk associated with placing depth electrodes during planned temporal lobe resection.14 In this study we demonstrate a combined imaging and electrophysiological recording methodology that successfully confirms electrode placement… | claim_relations[0] |
| sense | an interneuron, here - A FIRING RATE ABOVE 20 Hz: the classification is made in a parenthesis and acted on in the main clause, so a rate threshold becomes a cell type and then an exclusion, and every proportion in the paper is computed over what remained— “Neurons with steady-state resting firing rates > 20 Hz (i.e., clearly interneurons) were not recorded” | senses[0] |
| sense | a CA3 or CA1 principal neuron - CANDIDATE BY WAVEFORM, CONFIRMED BY CONNECTIVITY: the label is assigned from waveform and firing rate and then confirmed by the projection pattern it predicts, so the classification and the finding it supports rest on each other— “Cells were selected as candidate CA3 and CA1 principal neurons on the basis of waveform and firing rate characteristics and confirmed within the CA3-to-CA1 neural projection pathways via measures of functional connectivity” | senses[1] |
| sense | the argument for the labels - AN EXPECTED SIGNATURE OF ERROR: misidentification is said to be expected to yield a higher percentage of inverse correlation, so the low inverse rate is offered as evidence the labels are right - sound only if misidentification could not also produce the observed pattern— “Misidentification of CA3 and CA1 neuron pairs would be expected to yield a higher percentage of inverse correlation” | senses[2] |
| control | post-operative electrode placement verified by MRI — held — rules out assigning CA1 and CA3 recordings to the wrong subfield, which is the entire distinction the paper rests on— “Postoperative localization of electrode placement was verified by MRI (Fig. 1B and C).” | controls[0] |
| audit | feed-forward correlations —operationalised-as→ synaptic connectivity — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span says the correlations can be IDENTIFIED as connectivity; operationalised-as is loose.— “While only the 2- to 5-msec feed-forward correlations (20.3%) can be definitively identified as CA3-to- CA1 synaptic connectivity” | concept_edges[0] |
| holds when | feed-forward correlations —operationalised-as→ synaptic connectivity — only for correlations in the 2- to 5-msec window— “While only the 2- to 5-msec feed-forward correlations (20.3%) can be definitively identified as CA3-to- CA1 synaptic connectivity”— “only the 2- to 5-msec feed-forward correlations” | concept_edges[0] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the connectivity claim, separated from the suggestive part: ONLY THE 2- TO 5-MSEC FEED-FORWARD CORRELATIONS (20.3%) CAN BE DEFINITIVELY IDENTIFIED AS CA3-TO-CA1 SYNAPTIC CONNECTIVITY— “While only the 2- to 5-msec feed-forward correlations (20.3%) can be definitively identified as CA3-to- CA1 synaptic connectivity, the predominance of positive correlations (77.8%) and infrequent occurrence of inverse correlations suggest that the synchronous and multisynaptic correlate cell pairs are correctly identified with respect to CA3… | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — any comparison across surgical centres: LOCALIZATION USING STANDARDIZED TEMPORAL STEREOTACTIC SYSTEMS ... WOULD BE USEFUL FOR FUTURE ITERATIONS OR FOR STANDARDIZATION ACROSS SURGICAL CENTERS— “Localization using standardized temporal stereotactic systems, such as that described by Miller et al.,25 would be useful for future iterations or for standardization across surgical centers.” | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — any proportion reported over these neurons: cells with steady-state resting firing rates above 20 Hz were treated as clearly interneurons and were not recorded— “Neurons with steady-state resting firing rates > 20 Hz (i.e., clearly interneurons) were not recorded” | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the identification of these neurons as CA3 and CA1: cells were selected as candidates on waveform and firing-rate characteristics and then confirmed within the CA3-to-CA1 projection pathways via measures of functional connectivity— “Cells were selected as candidate CA3 and CA1 principal neurons on the basis of waveform and firing rate characteristics and confirmed within the CA3-to-CA1 neural projection pathways via measures of functional connectivity” | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the 26% feed-forward correlation reported here: the authors support it by noting that it favourably compares to reports of 20%-25% feedforward CA3-CA1 correlation in published animal studies— “feed-forward correlation between CA3-CA1 pairs was identified in 1071 (26%) of 4070 total pairs, which favorably compares to reports of 20%–25% feedforward CA3-CA1 correlation noted in… | limitations[4] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | Only the 2-5 msec feed-forward correlations can be taken as definitive evidence of CA3-to-CA1 synaptic connectivity; the synchronous and long-lag pairs are inferred to be correctly assigned rather than proven so. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The localization procedure used here is not a standardized stereotactic system, which the authors say would be needed for cross-centre standardization. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | A cell type is inferred from a firing-rate threshold and those cells are excluded from the sample. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | The cell-type labels are confirmed by the connectivity pattern they are used to demonstrate. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | The human proportion is validated by its resemblance to published animal numbers. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Nearly 80% of putative CA3-to-CA1 cell pairs showed positive cross-correlations compatible with a feed-forward connection, whereas only 2.6% showed inverse (feedback) correlation. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Feed-forward correlation was found in 1,071 of 4,070 CA3-CA1 pairs (26%), a rate close to the 20%-25% reported in animal studies, even after synchronous and long-latency correlations were excluded. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | In non-epileptic patients the CA1 region lay at an average depth of 36.06 mm from the outer table of the skull on the left and 34.84 mm on the right. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Only the 2-5 msec feed-forward correlations (20.3%) are definitive CA3-to-CA1 synaptic connectivity, but positive correlations dominated (77.8%) and inverse correlations were rare, which the authors read as evidence that the cells were correctly assigned to CA3 and CA1. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Anterior hippocampal neurons fired mainly at the sample response, whereas posterior hippocampal neurons fired at elevated rates in the interval between the sample and the match responses. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | About five times as many recorded hippocampal neurons fired below 5.0 Hz as fired above 5.0 Hz. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| quantity | 2.6% — proportion of CA3-CA1 cell pairs showing feedback (inverse) correlation, taken as the misidentification rate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 1071 (26%) of 4070 — number and share of cell pairs showing feed-forward CA3-to-CA1 correlation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 77.8% — share of CA3-CA1 pairs showing any positive (synchronous, short-lag or long-lag) correlation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 36.06 ± 2.88 mm — mean depth of left-hemisphere CA1 from the outer table of the skull in non-epileptic patients Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 744 — number of neurons recorded across the 23 implanted patients (per Table 1) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| variable | cross-correlograms (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | line noise (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| definition | Delayed-Match-to-Sample Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| concept | interneurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[0] |
| concept | principal neurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[1] |
| concept | functional connectivity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[2] |
| concept | inverse correlation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[3] |
| concept | synaptic connectivity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[4] |
| concept | feed-forward correlations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[5] |
| t-test t | as written: pairwise t-test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| cross-correlation | as written: cross-correlograms were computed as spike-triggered histograms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| standard deviation Z | as written: standard deviation outside of sample and match phases Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| p-value p | as written: p < 0.001 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
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