phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | sexually dimorphic stress effects on classical eyeblink conditioning— “Based on evidence of sex differences in learning and responses to stressful events, we investigated sexually dimorphic effects of a stressor of restraint and intermittent tailshock on classical eyeblink conditioning 24 h after stressor cessation.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “We further demonstrate that the stress-induced impairment in female conditioning is dependent on the presence of ovarian hormones.” | |
| method — evidence | — “Male and female, stressed and unstressed rats were presented with paired ( n = 7) or explicitly unpaired ( n = 4) conditioning stimuli.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “we investigated sexually dimorphic effects of a stressor of restraint and intermittent tailshock on classical eyeblink conditioning 24 h after stressor cessation” | |
| research question — evidence | — “Based on these differences in learning and the apparent lack of stress-induced helplessness symptomatology in females, we tested whether stress would enhance classical eyeblink conditioning in females, as it does in males ( 10 – 13 ).” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “In summary, these results indicate that exposure to the same aversive event can induce opposite behavioral responses in males vs. females.” | |
| transfer | from reproductive endocrinology / clinical cytology: vaginal smear staging, imported as an independent readout of hormonal state so that a behavioural manipulation can be checked against circulating estrogen— “For the TAM study, vaginal cytology was obtained through daily vaginal smears (12:00 to 14:00).” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from oncology pharmacology: tamoxifen, a clinical antiestrogen, repurposed as a laboratory tool for asking whether a behaviour requires estrogen receptors— “Based on its antiestrogenic properties, TAM has been used as a tool to evaluate the role of estrogen in sexually dimorphic behaviors such as anxiety ( 47 ), agonistic behavior (e.g., ref. 48 ), and sexual receptivity (e.g., ref. 49 ).” | transfers[1] |
| mechanism | Stress impairs female conditioning by acting through circulating estrogen binding to available estrogen receptors, so removing either the hormone or the receptor blocks the impairment— “In combination with the ovariectomy results, these data suggest that the stress-induced impairment of classical conditioning in females is dependent on the presence of estrogen and the availability of estrogen receptors.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Stress disrupts ovarian hormone levels, and that disruption in turn impairs learning— “The stress-induced impairment of learning in females may be mediated by a stress-induced disruption of ovarian hormones.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Stress raises glucocorticoids through a sexually dimorphic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response, and the glucocorticoid rise disrupts estrogen and progesterone— “A disruption of estrogen and progesterone could be mediated by a rise in other stress-induced hormones, such as glucocorticoids.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | Estrogen changes intracellular calcium through L-type calcium channels and NMDA receptor activation, altering synaptic density and efficacy and thereby the rate of learning— “Thus, changes in intracellular calcium via calcium channels or NMDA receptor activation are likely contributors to the effects of estrogen on synaptic density and efficacy, as well as the stress effects on learning reported here ( 12 ).” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | the paper's premise is a stated absence: the experiment exists because the question had never been asked of females— “To our knowledge, the effects of stress on classical conditioning have not been examined in females.” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | the ceiling explanation is not argued away but engineered away: the CS intensity is lowered until unstressed females start where unstressed males started, and the impairment survives— “To evaluate this explanation for the sexually opposed effects of stress on classical conditioning, we reduced the initial rate of acquisition in the unstressed females by decreasing the intensity of the CS ( 38 ).” | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | two independent routes to the same conclusion: take out the organ that makes the hormone, then leave the organ and block the receptor instead— “In combination with the ovariectomy results, these data suggest that the stress-induced impairment of classical conditioning in females is dependent on the presence of estrogen and the availability of estrogen receptors.” | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | the two converging routes do not agree in every detail, and the paper reports the disagreement rather than resolving it by preference— “These results suggest that removal of estrogen hormone and blockade of its receptor… | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | a ladder of nonspecific explanations is eliminated one at a time with its own control — pseudoconditioning, sensitization, spontaneous blinking, first-trial responding, analgesia and motor activity | mechanisms[8] |
| mechanism | the first trial is used as a control on the manipulation itself: if the stressor made animals respond to the tone directly, it would show before any learning was possible Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[9] |
| mechanism | the reflex itself is used as an argument that motor differences cannot explain the result, since every animal must produce the unconditioned response Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[10] |
| mechanism | the hormonal state is read out independently of the manipulation, by vaginal cytology, so the antagonist's effect can be confirmed rather than assumed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[11] |
| mechanism | a continuous cycle is collapsed into three stages by the authors, chosen to correspond to circulating hormone levels rather than to the underlying cytological detail Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[12] |
| mechanism | a transient effect and a persistent one are separated by looking at where each has gone by the end of training: the baseline sex difference washes out, the stress effect does not Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[13] |
| mechanism | an unexpected reversal is reported rather than buried: ovariectomised females responded MORE after stress, putting them on the male side of the effect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[14] |
| extends | the male-only literature on stress-induced facilitation of classical conditioning (refs 10–15), by asking the same question of females for the first time Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| extends | reports that stress-induced helplessness is reduced or absent in females (refs 6–9) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| contradicts | the expectation, stated as the paper's own hypothesis, that stress would enhance conditioning in females as it does in males Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| supports | the body of evidence implicating estrogen in memory formation, including clinical work on estrogen and Alzheimer's Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| supports | a later study establishing that the female impairment occurs preferentially in proestrus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| critiques | an activity-difference explanation of sex effects in learning tasks Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| sense | conditioning — classical versus operant/instrumental; stress moves them in opposite directions, which is the dissociation the paper is built on Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | eyeblink — conditioned response (at least 80 ms after CS onset, before US onset) versus sensitized response (within 80 ms of CS onset); the same movement counted as two different things by latency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | impairment — as a stress effect within females, versus as an ovariectomy effect in unstressed females; the paper finds both and keeps them apart Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | removing estrogen — by taking out the source (ovariectomy) versus by blocking the receptor (tamoxifen); the paper shows these are not equivalent operations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | sex difference — the baseline one (unstressed females learn faster, and it washes out with training) versus the stress-induced one (opposite signs, and it persists) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | estrous stage — the full cytological sequence versus the simplified three-stage scheme the authors impose to track circulating hormone levels Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| sense | hormone effects — activational, depending on what circulates in the adult, as against the organisational sense implied by the title's contrast Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[6] |
| control | sham surgery reproducing every part of the ovariectomy except the removal itself — held — rules out the surgery, anaesthesia and handling as the cause of any difference attributed to loss of the ovaries - the single difference is named in the sentence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| control | measurements of spontaneous blinking, sensitization and pseudoconditioning alongside the conditioning result — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out three alternatives at once - nonspecific effects of stressor exposure on blinking, sensitization, and pseudoconditioning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| control | comparison of analgesia following tailshock between males and females — held — rules out a sex difference in stress-induced analgesia as the reason the conditioning effects run in opposite directions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[2] |
| weight | classical conditioning —contrasted-with→ instrumental conditioning — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| audit | learned helplessness —operationalised-as→ operant conditioning — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but endpoint by anaphora: 'The impairment' = learned helplessness (previous sentence); operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| weight | learned helplessness —operationalised-as→ operant conditioning — 0.85 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| audit | estrogen —part-of→ ovarian hormones — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'Female sex hormones ... produced by the ovaries', not 'ovarian hormones'. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| weight | estrogen —part-of→ ovarian hormones — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| audit | conditioned eyeblink response —distinct-from→ sensitized responses — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'Conditioned responses (CRs)', not 'conditioned eyeblink response'. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| edge | estrous cycle —operationalised-as→ vaginal cytology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| audit | analgesia —operationalised-as→ tailflick response — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'analgesic responses', not 'analgesia'. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| audit | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · estrogen —causes→ dendritic spine density — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but attributed/hedged: estrogen is REPORTED to enhance spine density. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| retracted | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · estrogen —causes→ dendritic spine density — RE-GROUNDED. The old span said 'the density of…', which does not attest the endpoint 'dendritic spine density' as a word. This sentence uses the paper's own compact form and states the effect: estrogen 'is reported to ENHANCE…'. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| weight | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · estrogen —causes→ dendritic spine density — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| audit | ovarian hormones —causes→ hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but endpoint by anaphora: 'these sex differences in the stress response' = HPA axis activation (previous sentence); the span says DEPENDENT ON, causes is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[9] |
| weight | ovarian hormones —causes→ hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis — 0.7 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[9] |
| audit | classical conditioning —operationalised-as→ delay paradigm — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'A delay paradigm was used', not 'classical conditioning'. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[11] |
| weight | classical conditioning —operationalised-as→ delay paradigm — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[11] |
| weight | active avoidance —contrasted-with→ passive avoidance — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[12] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[2] |
| for which use | limitation — any attribution of the effect to sex or to stress singly: EVALUATING THE CONTRIBUTION OF SEX AND STRESS TO LEARNING IS COMPLICATED BY THE FACT THAT BOTH VARIABLES ALTER PERFORMANCE IN LEARNING TASKS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the estrogen interpretation of the ovariectomy result: THE RESULTS MAY SUGGEST A CRITICAL ROLE FOR PROGESTERONE IN THE IMPAIRED PERFORMANCE ASSOCIATED WITH OVARIECTOMY Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — any inference that treats hormone removal and receptor blockade as the same evidence: REMOVAL OF ESTROGEN HORMONE AND BLOCKADE OF ITS RECEPTOR DO NOT NECESSARILY HAVE SIMILAR CONSEQUENCES ON LEARNING AND MAY ACTIVATE DIFFERENT CELLULAR PROCESSES Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[1] - ovariectomy removes estrogen and progesterone together, so the two hormones cannot be separated by it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the receptor-specificity of the pharmacological result: ESTROGEN HAS AT LEAST TWO TYPES OF NUCLEAR RECEPTORS ... AND TAM HAS BINDING AFFINITY FOR BOTH TYPES OF RECEPTORS TO VARYING DEGREES Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the main stress effect, which may be carried by one phase of the cycle: THE EFFECTS OF STRESS ON ACQUISITION OF THE CR [may be] MEDIATED BY THE STAGE OF ESTROUS AND LEVELS OF CIRCULATING ESTROGEN Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the sensitization comparison specifically: OVARIECTOMY ALONE ENHANCED THE NUMBER OF SENSITIZED RESPONSES ... [called] THIS MINOR INCREASE - the surgery moved the baseline it was meant to hold still Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[0] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0] - sex and stress are entangled because each alters performance on its own Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| for which use | limitation — the mechanistic account only: THE STRESS-INDUCED IMPAIRMENT OF LEARNING IN FEMALES MAY BE MEDIATED BY A STRESS-INDUCED DISRUPTION OF OVARIAN HORMONES - proposed, not shown Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | Sex and stress each independently affect performance in learning tasks, which complicates attributing the observed differences to learning. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The ovariectomy result may reflect progesterone rather than estrogen, since removal of the hormone and blockade of its receptor gave different outcomes. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | Hormone removal and receptor blockade did not have equivalent consequences for learning, so the cellular route of the effect is unresolved. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | the two hormones cannot be separated by ovariectomy, which removes both estrogen and progesterone Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | the antagonist is not clean at the receptor-subtype level Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | the estrous stage was not controlled in the main experiments, so the effect may be carried by one phase of the cycle Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | ovariectomy itself was not inert — it raised sensitized responding, and the paper has to argue that the increase is too small to matter Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | sex and stress are entangled as explanatory variables because each alters performance on its own Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | the mechanism linking stress to the hormones is proposed, not shown Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | The same stressor had opposite effects by sex: it speeded acquisition of the conditioned eyeblink response in males and slowed it in females, each relative to its own unstressed controls. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Without stress, females acquired the conditioned response faster than males. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Removing the ovaries abolished the stress-induced impairment: stress impaired acquisition in females with intact ovaries but not in ovariectomized females. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Blocking estrogen receptors with tamoxifen also abolished the impairment: stress impaired acquisition in vehicle-injected females but not in tamoxifen-injected females. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | The opposite effects of stress on the two sexes were not caused by changes in spontaneous blinking, sensitization or pseudoconditioning. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | After stressor exposure, females remained significantly impaired relative to unstressed females. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Stressed males and stressed females did not differ in pain sensitivity as measured by tailflick latency, so the sex-opposite learning effects were not caused by differences in analgesia. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Late in training, stressed ovariectomized females actually responded more than unstressed ovariectomized females, that is, they showed the male-like facilitation once ovarian hormones were gone. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | Ovariectomy on its own impaired learning in unstressed females during the later part of acquisition. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | By the last 100 trials, unstressed males performed at a similar rate to unstressed females. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | the same stressor had opposite effects by sex — facilitating acquisition in males and impairing it in females Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | unstressed females outperformed unstressed males Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | the baseline sex difference was gone by the last 100 trials Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | after stressor exposure females were still significantly impaired relative to unstressed females Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | stress impaired acquisition in females with intact ovaries but not in ovariectomised females Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | ovariectomised females went the other way late in training, responding more after stress — the male pattern Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | blocking estrogen receptors with tamoxifen prevented the stress-induced impairment, while the injections alone had no effect on acquisition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | removing ovarian hormones impaired performance in the last 100 trials of training Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | no sex difference in spontaneous blink rate, in responses to the tone before training, or to explicitly unpaired stimuli Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | stressed males and stressed females did not differ in tailflick analgesia, so the effect is not a pain-sensitivity difference Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | unstressed females reached 72% responding in the first 20 trials against 37% for unstressed males Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| finding | tamoxifen produced a diestrus cytology in 20 of 21 females, confirming the intended low-estrogen state Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[21] |
| finding | ovariectomy alone roughly doubled sensitized responding, from under 1 in 10 to 2 in 10 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[22] |
| finding | the stressor did not produce responses to the tone on the very first trial, before learning was possible Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[23] |
| quantity | Forty-four — male and female rats used in the first sex-by-stress experiment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 30 shocks (1 s, 1 mA, 60 Hz, 1 per min for 30 min) — the stressor administered to stressed rats 24 h before conditioning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 300 trials a day for 2 days — the conditioning schedule in the first experiment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 72% ± 11 versus 37% ± 8% — conditioned responding over the first 20 trials in unstressed females versus unstressed males Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 47% ± 7 — first-20-trial acquisition rate of unstressed females once the CS was lowered to 80 dB, close to the male rate of 37% Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | F (1, 36) = 14.28; P < 0.001 — the sex-by-stress interaction on acquisition of the conditioned response Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | F (1, 37) = 3.93; P = 0.05 — the effect of estrogen-receptor blockade on the stress-induced impairment of acquisition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 20 of 21 — tamoxifen-treated females whose vaginal cytology indicated diestrus and low estrogen Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | from <1 of 10, to 2 of 10 — increase in sensitized responses to the white-noise stimulus produced by ovariectomy alone Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | F (1, 36) = 14.28; P < 0.001 — the sex-by-stress interaction on acquisition, the paper's central result Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | 72% ± 11 vs 37% ± 8% — first-20-trial acquisition, unstressed females against unstressed males Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | 47% ± 7 — unstressed female acquisition after the CS was lowered to 80 dB, matched to the male rate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| quantity | 30 shocks — the stressor: 1 s, 1 mA, 60 Hz, one per minute for 30 minutes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[12] |
| quantity | 24 h — delay between stressor cessation and conditioning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[13] |
| quantity | 300 trials a day for 2 days — training schedule in the first experiment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[14] |
| quantity | 85-dB, 240-ms — the white noise conditioned stimulus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[15] |
| quantity | 0.7-mA, 80-ms — the periorbital shock unconditioned stimulus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[16] |
| quantity | 20 ± 10 s — intertrial interval Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[17] |
| quantity | 80 ms — the latency boundary separating conditioned from sensitized responses Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[18] |
| quantity | F (1, 34)= 10.42; P < 0.005 — the ovariectomy-by-stress interaction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[19] |
| quantity | F (1, 37) = 3.93; P = 0.05 — the tamoxifen-by-stress interaction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[20] |
| quantity | 1.5 mg — daily tamoxifen dose in sesame oil, for 4 days Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[21] |
| quantity | 44 male and female — sample in the first experiment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[22] |
| quantity | 37 adult female — sample in the ovariectomy experiment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[23] |
| quantity | 41 adult female — sample in the tamoxifen experiment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[24] |
| quantity | 20 of 21 — tamoxifen-treated females whose cytology indicated diestrus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[25] |
| quantity | 0.3–1.0 kHz, amplified 10,000× — electromyograph filter band and gain Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[26] |
| variable | sex (moderator) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | acquisition of the conditioned eyeblink response (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| variable | analgesic responses (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| variable | spontaneous blink rate (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| variable | Sham surgery (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[10] |
| variable | intertrial interval (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[11] |
| variable | rate of acquisition of the conditioned response Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[12] |
| variable | sex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[13] |
| variable | stressor exposure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[14] |
| variable | CS intensity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[15] |
| variable | spontaneous blink rate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[16] |
| variable | paired ( n = 7) or explicitly unpaired ( n = 4) conditioning stimuli Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[17] |
| variable | tailflick response Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[18] |
| definition | learned helplessness Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | conditioned response Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | sensitized response Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | learned helplessness Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | Conditioned responses Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | sensitized responses Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | delay paradigm Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | eyeblinks Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| definition | Sham surgery Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[9] |
| definition | pseudopregnancy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[10] |
| definition | ceiling effect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[11] |
| definition | Proestrus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[12] |
| definition | estrus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[13] |
| definition | diestrus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[14] |
| key-terms | classical conditioning, operant conditioning, instrumental conditioning, learned helplessness, conditioned eyeblink response, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, sensitized responses, pseudoconditioning, delay paradigm, stressor, tailshock, ovarian hormones, estrogen, progesterone, ovariectomized, tamoxifen, estrogen receptors, estrous cycle, proestrus, diestrus, vaginal cytology, activational effects, tailflick response, analgesia, glucocorticoids, dendritic spine density, NMDA, spontaneous blink rate, active avoidance, pseudopregnancy, sexually dimorphic, electromyographic, obicularis oculi |
| ANOVA F | as written: F (1, 36) = 14.28; P < 0.001 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| interaction effect F | as written: A significant interaction between stress, sex, and paired vs. unpaired training Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| post hoc multiple comparison test | as written: Newman–Keuls comparison test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| Cochran's Q test Q | as written: Cochran Q test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| standard deviation SD | as written: 4 times its SD Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| p-value P | as written: ( P < 0.01) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| F | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| Newman–Keuls comparison test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| Cochran Q test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| significant interaction | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| SD | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[10] |
| claim type | existence — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: mechanism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | classical eyeblink conditioning in rats with implanted periorbital electrodes, 24 h after restraint-and-tailshock stress, crossed with ovariectomy and with estrogen-receptor blockade — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: behavioural-experiment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | sexually dimorphic effects of stress on associative learning — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: sexually dimorphic stress effects on classical eyeblink conditioning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
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