phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | high-level mathematical reasoning in expert mathematicians— “To evaluate what brain systems underlie higher mathematics, we scanned professional mathematicians and mathematically naive subjects of equal academic standing as they evaluated the truth of advanced mathematical and nonmathematical statements.” | |
| claim-type | existence— “The evidence suggests that high-level mathematical expertise and basic number sense share common roots in a nonlinguistic brain circuit.” | |
| method — evidence | — “We collected fMRIs in 15 professional mathematicians and 15 nonmathematician controls of equal academic standing while participants performed fast semantic judgments on mathematical and nonmathematical statements ( Fig. 1 A ).” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “The origins of human abilities for mathematics are debated: Some theories suggest that they are founded upon evolutionarily ancient brain circuits for number and space and others that they are grounded in language competence.” | |
| research question — evidence | — “Many mathematicians, however, argue that number concepts are too simple to be representative of advanced mathematics. To address this criticism, here we study the cerebral representation of high-level mathematical concepts in professional mathematicians.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “In professional mathematicians only, mathematical statements, whether in algebra, analysis, topology or geometry, activated a reproducible set of bilateral frontal, Intraparietal, and ventrolateral temporal regions. Crucially, these activations spared areas related to language and to general-knowledge semantics.” | |
| transfer | from reading research: the expertise-driven ventral visual shift toward symbols and away from faces, transposed from literacy to mathematics— “Those results are analogous to previous findings on literacy, showing that the acquisition of expertise in reading shifts the responses of left ventral visual cortex toward letters and away from faces” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from multivariate pattern analysis: representational similarity, used to test whether math, arithmetic and numeral viewing share an activation topography within each subject— “Second, we used representational similarity analysis to probe whether a similar pattern of activation was evoked, within each subject, by all math-related activities: i.e., mathematical reflection, calculation, and numbers or formula recognition.” | transfers[1] |
| mechanism | Prolonged exposure to mathematical symbols reshapes ventral visual cortex, amplifying symbol responses and displacing face responses, in the same way reading expertise does for letters— “mathematical expertise leads to a bilateral enhancement of the visual representation of mathematical symbols.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Because advanced mathematics and basic arithmetic share the same cortical circuit, early number skills and later mathematical achievement are developmentally linked through that shared substrate— “The fact that these brain areas are jointly involved in higher mathematics and basic arithmetic may explain the bidirectional developmental relationships that have been reported between prelinguistic number skills and later mathematical skills” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | expertise amplifies responses at sites that already respond to numerals and formulas in non-experts, rather than recruiting new territory— “Rather, mathematical judgments were related to an amplification of brain activity at sites that are activated by numbers and formulas in nonmathematicians, with a corresponding reduction in nearby face responses.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | the ventral visual change mirrors literacy, where learning to read shifts responses toward letters and away from faces— “Those results are analogous to previous findings on literacy, showing that the acquisition of expertise in reading shifts the responses of left ventral visual cortex toward letters and away from faces” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | the enhanced formula response reflects a genuine increase in activated cortical volume, not just tighter anatomical alignment in the expert group— “First, the left inferior temporal activation to written mathematical formulas was significantly enhanced in mathematicians relative to controls (−53 −64 −17, t = 4.27) ( Fig. 8 B ). Single-subject ROI analyses verified that this effect was not simply due to greater variance in anatomical localization in controls compared with mathematicians… | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | the caudate shifts its engagement to whichever domain the subject is expert in, consistent with a role in motivation and attention— “First, a group × problem type interaction revealed a striking group difference in the bilateral head of the caudate nucleus ( SI Appendix , Fig. S11 ). This region was active in mathematicians only when they were exposed to math statements and, in control subjects, only when they were exposed to nonmath statements. Thus, the engagement of… | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | language contributes transiently at the angular gyrus during sentence comprehension, and that area is deactivated during the reflection itself— “However, in mathematicians only, it also showed a greater activation for meaningful than for meaningless math ( SI Appendix , Fig. S12 ). Thus, mathematical expertise enables the left angular gyrus, which is engaged in sentence-level semantic integration ( 35 , 36 ), to extend this function to mathematical statements. Importantly, this… | mechanisms[6] |
| replicates | earlier observations of number-sense and number-form areas (cited as references 16, 18, 37)— “Both calculation and simple number processing activated bilateral IPS and IT, thus replicating early observations of number-sense and number-form areas ( Fig. 6 ).” | claim_relations[0] |
| contradicts | the hypothesis that mathematics is an offshoot of language syntax, attributed in the article to Noam Chomsky (reference 1)— “Together, those results are inconsistent with the hypothesis that language syntax plays a specific role in the algebraic abilities of expert adults.” | claim_relations[1] |
| contradicts | the hypothesis that mathematical capacity is an abstraction from linguistic operations— “According to one hypothesis, mathematics, like other cultural abilities that appeared suddenly with modern humans in the upper Paleolithic, is an offshoot of the human language faculty—for Noam Chomsky, for instance, “the origin of the mathematical capacity [lies in] an abstraction from linguistic operations” ( 1 ). Many mathematicians and… | claim_relations[2] |
| supports | the account grounding mathematics in ancient nonlinguistic intuitions of number and space— “The evidence suggests that high-level mathematical expertise and basic number sense share common roots in a nonlinguistic brain circuit.” | claim_relations[3] |
| extends | arithmetic imaging work, by answering the objection that number concepts are too simple to represent advanced mathematics— “Many mathematicians, however, argue that number concepts are too simple to be representative of advanced mathematics. To address this criticism, here we study the cerebral representation of high-level mathematical concepts in professional mathematicians.” | claim_relations[4] |
| confirms | prior reports of visual number form areas, using a sequence that overcomes the signal loss which made them hard to detect— “The VNFAs were previously difficult to detect with fMRI because they lie close to a zone of fMRI signal loss ( 18 ). However, using a fast high-resolution fMRI sequence that mitigates these difficulties, we found that the VNFAs are easily detectable and are activated bilaterally not only by Arabic numerals, but also by algebraic formulas… | claim_relations[5] |
| qualifies | its own language-independence claim, by noting a transient angular gyrus contribution during comprehension | claim_relations[6] |
| sense | meaningful versus meaningless is the paper's second, ORTHOGONAL criterion - it holds lexical content constant and so tests the same claim without the math-versus-nonmath comparison Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | difficulty here has an objective form (percent correct, matched) and a subjective form (rated, slightly higher for math), and the paper's controls address the second Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | the visual number form area is defined by responding to Arabic numerals more than letters or pictures, and was previously hard to detect because it sits near a zone of fMRI signal loss Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | the multiple demand system is the rival account: a set of areas active in any hard task, which overlaps the math network and is why difficulty had to be excluded Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | language areas here are defined by an independent localiser in the same subjects, not by anatomy, so the sparing claim is about functionally identified voxels Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| control | an eighth stimulus category of circular checkerboards, built so that its retinotopic extent EXCEEDED that of every other category — absent-not-in-staged-text — rules out a difference in retinotopic extent between conditions - the checkerboard is built to exceed every other category, so any area responding to sheer visual extent is exposed rather than counted as mathematical Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — absent-not-in-staged-text | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the ventral visual group differences: THESE INTRIGUING DIFFERENCES MUST BE CONSIDERED WITH CAUTION BECAUSE THEIR BEHAVIORAL IMPACT AND CAUSAL LINK TO MATHEMATICAL TRAINING REMAINS PRESENTLY UNKNOWN Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the claim that language areas are not involved: a transient role during acquisition is not excluded, and IMAGING STUDIES OF THE LEARNING PROCESS WOULD BE NEEDED TO RESOLVE THIS POINT Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the between-group comparison but not the within-mathematician one: MATHEMATICIANS AND CONTROLS MAY STILL DIFFER ON DIMENSIONS SUCH AS IQ, MUSICAL TALENT, HOBBIES ... SUCH PUTATIVE DIFFERENCES ARE IRRELEVANT TO OUR MAIN CONCLUSION OF A DISSOCIATION ... WITHIN THE MATHEMATICIANS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0] - the ventral visual differences are flagged by the authors as needing caution Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the language-overlap result: THIS SMALL OVERLAP WAS PRESENT ONLY IN SMOOTHED GROUP IMAGES AND FAILED TO REACH SIGNIFICANCE IN HIGHER RESOLUTION analyses Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — any expertise contrast that uses the control group's maths performance: THEY FELL CLOSE TO CHANCE LEVEL WITH MATH (37% CORRECT, CHANCE LEVEL = 33%) ... COULD NOT IDENTIFY THEIR TRUTH VALUE (d' = 0.38, n.s.) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the matched-performance argument: OBJECTIVE PERFORMANCE ON NONMATH PROBLEMS DID NOT DIFFER ... their SUBJECTIVE RATINGS ... REVEALED THAT EACH GROUP FELT MORE COMFORTABLE WITH ITS RESPECTIVE EXPERTISE DOMAIN Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | The group differences in ventral visual responses (formulas, tools, faces) cannot yet be tied to behaviour or shown to be caused by mathematical training. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The design cannot rule out a transient role of language areas during the acquisition of mathematical concepts; only learning studies could settle it. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | Mathematicians and controls may differ on uncontrolled dimensions such as IQ or musical talent, which the authors argue is irrelevant to the within-group dissociation but is not measured. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | the authors flag the ventral visual group differences as needing caution, since their behavioural impact and causal link to mathematical training are unknown Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | a small language-area overlap in left BA44 appeared only in smoothed group images and failed to reach significance in single subjects Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | controls were near chance on the mathematical statements, so the expertise interaction rests on a group that could not do the task Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | objective performance was matched but each group rated its own domain as more comfortable Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | The activations evoked by mathematical reflection spared areas related to language and to general-knowledge semantics. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | The same math network was engaged by all four tested branches of mathematics and even transiently by meaningless mathematical statements. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Non-mathematical general-knowledge reflection recruited a separate anterior temporal and angular gyrus semantic network. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | A region-of-interest analysis of language areas showed mathematics engaged them no more, and often less, than general semantic reasoning did. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | The high-level mathematics network overlapped the parietal and inferior temporal sites activated by simple calculation and by the mere sight of numerals, and this overlap survived removal of statements containing any numerical reference. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | The math network was active even during simple mathematical reflection, and its greater activation for math than nonmath held irrespective of task difficulty. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Mathematical expertise was accompanied by expanded number and formula responses in the left visual number form area. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | mathematicians performed equally on math and non-math statements, 63% against 65% correct Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | controls matched mathematicians on non-math but were near chance on math Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | all four domains of mathematics activated the math-responsive regions, in a significant intersection Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | the network stayed active for about fifteen seconds after a math statement and deactivated for non-math Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | in controls the math contrast landed on the sites for meaningless statements Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | essentially no intersection between the math and general-knowledge semantic networks, and none in perisylvian language cortex even at a lenient threshold Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | language regions defined by an independent localiser were engaged no more by math than by general reasoning, and often less Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | the math network overlapped the areas for arithmetic and for merely viewing numerals Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | responses to written formulas were larger in mathematicians, as extra activated volume rather than tighter alignment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | face responses were reduced in right inferior temporal cortex in mathematicians Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | the caudate responded to whichever domain each group was expert in Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | CONFOUND REVERSED: easy math contrasted against difficult non-math still produced the same sites Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | CONTROL NULL: contrasting difficult against easy statements within each domain revealed no significant sites at all Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | ORTHOGONAL REPLICATION: the meaningful-versus-meaningless math contrast, which holds words constant, reproduced the whole result Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| finding | CONTENT REANALYSIS: excluding statements with any indirect numerical reference left the activation virtually unchanged Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[21] |
| finding | HAZARD NAMED ABOUT THEIR OWN RESULT: group-level overlap can arise from intersubject averaging, so the overlap was retested within subjects Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[22] |
| finding | the within-subject pattern analyses confirmed that advanced math, arithmetic and numeral viewing share cortical sites in trained individuals Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[23] |
| quantity | 15 and 15 — sample size: professional mathematicians and academically matched humanities controls scanned with fMRI Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 63% and 65% correct — mathematicians' accuracy on math and on nonmath statements, showing the two problem types were matched in objective difficulty Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 37% correct, chance level = 33%; P = 0.014 — control subjects' accuracy on mathematical statements, barely above chance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | ∼15 s — duration for which the fMRI signal stayed elevated in the math network after a mathematical statement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 52.4 ± 3.4 versus 40.0 ± 4.5; t = 2.4, P = 0.03 — mathematicians' subjective difficulty ratings (0–100 scale) for math versus nonmath statements Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | t = 4.72 — whole-brain effect size for reduced face responses in right inferior temporal cortex in mathematicians relative to controls Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 72 and 18 — number of mathematical statements (18 per domain) and of nonmathematical statements presented in the auditory runs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 15 and 15 — professional mathematicians and non-mathematician controls of equal academic standing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 63% and 65% — mathematicians' accuracy on math and non-math, the basis for calling the two matched in difficulty Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | 37% against 33% chance — controls' accuracy on mathematical statements Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | 52.4 against 40.0 — subjective difficulty for math and non-math on a 0-100 scale, the only difficulty difference found Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | about 15 s — how long the math network stayed active after a statement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| variable | task difficulty (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| variable | meaningless Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| variable | imageability Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[9] |
| variable | topology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[10] |
| definition | visual number form area Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | multiple demand system Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | immediacy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | multiple demand system Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | VNFA Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | core knowledge Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| key-terms | mathematicians, controls, IPS, IT, VNFA, angular gyrus, multiple demand system, meaningless, calculation, localizer, formulas, FFA |
| t-test t | as written: Student t tests Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| ANOVA | as written: second-level whole-brain ANOVA with stimulus category as within-subject factor Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| F-test F | as written: an F-test at the whole-brain level Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| signal-detection sensitivity index d′ | as written: Mean d′ values Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| correction for multiple comparisons P | as written: clusterwise threshold of P < 0.05 corrected for multiple comparisons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| correlation | as written: matrix of correlations between the activations evoked by each of the experimental conditions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| Student t tests | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| F-test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| cluster P < 0.05 corrected | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| method | auditory statement judgement in the scanner with matched non-mathematical statements, plus independent localisers for sentences, calculation and visual categories — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: fmri Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | the cortical network engaged during reflection on advanced mathematical statements — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: high-level mathematical reasoning in expert mathematicians Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
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