phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | negative visuospatial priming— “NP is the normal reduction of performance when identifying target stimuli that appears where non-target stimuli appeared previously.” | |
| claim-type | method— “In summary, we describe a novel visuospatial priming task that detects negative priming in rats.” | |
| method — evidence | — “Performance was challenged by shortening prime duration and by administering amphetamine.” | |
| transfer | from classical experimental psychology of arousal and performance: the Yerkes-Dodson inverted-U law, imported to explain why the same amphetamine dose helps low-NP and harms high-NP rats— “This “rate-dependent” effect of AMPH recalls the widely observed pattern described in the Yerkes-Dodson law, which states that performance, especially in difficult tasks, initially increases with physiological or mental arousal, but when levels of arousal become too high, performance is degraded” | transfers[0] |
| mechanism | An inverted-U relation between dopamine transmission and inhibitory processing: amphetamine pushes low-NP animals toward and high-NP animals past an optimum, so the same drug raises or abolishes priming depending on baseline state— “The finding that AMPH improves NP in animals with normally low levels of NP, while reducing NP in animals with high levels of NP, suggests that an optimal level of dopamine transmission might produce maximal amount of negative visuospatial priming, and that levels either above or below that optimal point result in reduced or no negative… | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Brief primes are routed through preconscious, automatic processing, which is the route that generates negative priming; longer primes recruit more controlled processing and weaken it— “Conceivably, shorter duration primes may favor processing by preconscious/automatic mechanisms, which may be required for the negative priming effect.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | A species difference in speed-accuracy strategy - rats protect response speed and sacrifice accuracy - channels the priming cost into accuracy rather than latency— “The tendency of rats to maintain speed of responding at the cost of accuracy may therefore explain why the NP effect in our task primarily impacted response accuracy rather than response latencies.” | mechanisms[2] |
| builds-on | the human visuospatial priming task of Tipper (1985) and Swerdlow et al. (1996)— “In this study, we aimed to describe the characteristics and heuristic values of a novel rat negative visuospatial priming paradigm ( Figure 1 ), based on a well-established human visuospatial priming task ( Swerdlow et al., 1996 ; Tipper, 1985 ).” | claim_relations[0] |
| sense | NEGATIVE PRIMING - a priming effect defined as a LOSS, and defined as the NORMAL one: `NP is the normal reduction of performance when identifying target stimuli that appears where non-target stimuli appeared previously.` Second record tonight whose priming effect harms performance (after Keane2015's costs), and the first where the harm is the healthy result— “NP is the normal reduction of performance when identifying target stimuli that appears where non-target stimuli appeared previously. TS subjects exhibit diminished NP” | senses[0] |
| sense | LESS PRIMING IS THE DEFICIT - the direction that inverts everything. `TS subjects exhibit diminished NP`, so a smaller effect is the pathological finding and a larger one is intact function. Any summary that treats priming magnitude as one quantity with a good direction gets this record backwards, and the corpus contains many records where more priming is the notable result— “NP is the normal reduction of performance when identifying target stimuli that appears where non-target stimuli appeared previously. TS subjects exhibit diminished NP” | senses[1] |
| sense | PRIMING AS A PROGNOSTIC INDEX - `their NP levels predict their response to behavioral therapy`. Not a phenomenon under study, not an instrument for probing representations, but a clinical measurement used to forecast treatment outcome. A fourth job for the word in this corpus, alongside phenomenon, instrument and paradigm— “Individuals with Tourette syndrome (TS) exhibit deficits in inhibitory information processing which may reflect impaired neural mechanisms underlying symptoms and can be detected using a negative priming (NP) task. NP is the normal reduction of performance when identifying target stimuli that appears where non-target stimuli appeared… | senses[2] |
| sense | THE EFFECT ONLY APPEARS UNDER CHALLENGE, which is a fact about the animal model rather than about the animals: `During the short prime challenge, rats exhibited lower accuracy in NP vs. baseline trials`. A 0.25 s prime was needed to make the phenomenon measurable at all, and the same duration was then carried into the drug study. A translational model whose sensitivity had to be engineered into the timing— “During the short prime challenge, rats exhibited lower accuracy in NP vs. baseline trials, indicative of inhibitory information processing. Modulation by amphetamine administration indicates that this drug had rate-dependent effects” | senses[3] |
| control | target and non-target locations varied pseudorandomly, equal counts per location per session, with location unpredictable — held — rules out a location bias and an anticipation strategy - the same design as the 2015 sister paper, and the same two-part justification— “The location of the target and non-target stimuli varied pseudorandomly between trials, so that each location contained the stimuli an equal number of times per session, but their location was not predictable on any given trial.” | controls[0] |
| effect direction | Tourette syndrome —causes→ negative priming — reduces— “Individuals with Tourette syndrome (TS) exhibit deficits in inhibitory information processing which may reflect impaired neural mechanisms underlying symptoms and can be detected using a negative priming (NP) task. NP is the normal reduction of performance when identifying target stimuli that appears where non-target stimuli appeared… | concept_edges[1] |
| note | Tourette syndrome —causes→ negative priming — 'reduces' is correct and reads backwards without the sense rows: the reduction is a reduction OF A REDUCTION. Negative priming is itself a performance loss, and Tourette patients show LESS of it - so less priming is the pathological direction here. | concept_edges[1] |
| weight | Tourette syndrome —causes→ negative priming — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| replication | replicated | |
| limitation | Rats that could not acquire stable performance had to be dropped, reducing the sample. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The task's whole-body response makes it insensitive to the tens-of-milliseconds latency effects that carry negative priming in humans. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | No animal model, including this one, can capture the full neurobiology of the varied forms of Tourette syndrome. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Rats trained on the new task showed a robust negative priming effect, performing worse when the target appeared where the distractor had just been. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | The authors report this as the first rodent paradigm measuring visuospatial priming. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | A shorter prime duration made the negative priming effect stronger. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Lengthening the prime from 0.5 s to 1 s weakened negative priming, the mirror image of the short-prime result. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | The degree of negative priming appears to be a stable trait of each animal. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Amphetamine abolished negative priming at every dose in rats that showed strong drug-free priming. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | In rats the negative priming effect was most robust in response accuracy, with lower accuracy on negative-priming trials than on baseline trials. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Amphetamine significantly increased premature responses at all doses. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| quantity | 13 of 16 — final sample after three rats failed to reach stable task performance and were excluded Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 0, 0.25, 0.5, or 1 mg/kg — d-amphetamine doses given subcutaneously 10 min before testing, in a counterbalanced within-subject design Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 0.5 s to 0.25 s — the reduction in prime stimulus duration that produced the most robust negative priming Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 5 Hz — flicker rate of the non-target distractor light, distinguishing it from the continuous target light Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 0.5 s for seven rats, 0.75 s for three rats, 1 s for one rat, and 1.5 s for two rats — the shortest probe stimulus duration each rat could sustain at criterion performance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | around 15 sessions — average training needed to reach criterion on the visual discrimination stage Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 90% — proportion of free-feeding body weight at which rats were maintained by food restriction throughout testing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| variable | prime stimulus duration (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | AMPH dose (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | trial type (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | response accuracy (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | latency to correct response (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | premature responses (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[5] |
| variable | priming level (moderator) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| variable | body weight (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| definition | negative priming (NP) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | inhibitory information processing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | accuracy priming value Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | correct response latency priming value Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | high NP and low NP rats Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | convergent validity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | negative priming trial Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | baseline trial Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| concept | negative priming — not defined in this paper's own words; a priming effect whose NORMAL value is a loss - slower or less accurate identification of a target appearing where a distractor was. And in this literature LESS of it is the deficit, which inverts the usual reading of effect size Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[0] |
| concept | inhibitory information processing — not defined in this paper's own words; what the reduction is taken to index: the target is harder to identify BECAUSE the location was actively suppressed a moment earlier, so the loss is evidence of a working mechanism rather than of a failing one Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[1] |
| concept | Tourette syndrome — not defined in this paper's own words; the clinical anchor, and the reason the effect is measured at all here - patients show DIMINISHED negative priming, and how much they show predicts how they respond to behavioural therapy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[2] |
| concept | prime duration — not defined in this paper's own words; the challenge variable that makes the effect appear at all in rats - 0.25 s produced the most robust negative priming, so the model's sensitivity is a property of the timing rather than of the animals Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[3] |
| concept | amphetamine — not defined in this paper's own words; the pharmacological challenge, and the result is reported with its own qualifier - 'rate-dependent effects', meaning the drug's direction depended on the baseline rather than being uniform Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[4] |
| interaction effect (factorial analysis) | as written: significant interactions between trial type, AMPH dose, and negative priming levels in the drug-free state Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| correlation | as written: significantly positively correlated Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| Latin square counterbalanced design | as written: a Latin square design Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
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