phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | visuospatial attention and primary visual consciousness— “In the present study, we wondered whether human ventral PPC plays a causal role on visuospatial attention and primary consciousness and whether these 2 functions are correlated with each other.” | |
| claim-type | existence— “To our knowledge, this is the first direct experimental evidence of functional effects of bilateral ventral PPC on both visuospatial attention and primary consciousness.” | |
| method — evidence | — “In this paper, we used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in 18 normal subjects to investigate whether the ventral posterior parietal cortex (PPC) plays a causal role on visuospatial attention and primary consciousness and whether these 2 functions are linearly correlated with each other.” | |
| mechanism | rTMS spreads transsynaptically into two networks whose interaction is nonlinear, so perturbing ventral PPC dissociates attention from consciousness instead of moving them together— “Interaction of these networks might be nonlinear and too complex to cause simple relationships between visuospatial attention and primary consciousness, at least due to the focal and week TMS-induced perturbation of ventral PPC.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | a focal coil at near-threshold intensity limits the induced neural interference within a widely distributed network, which is why the behavioural effect is only about 10%— “The small but significant magnitude of rTMS effects on ventral PPC (about 10%) is likely due to the use of focal coil and near-threshold intensity of rTMS.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | the stimulation disrupts the spatial disengagement operation of Posner's attention system, which then lengthens reaction time— “It is likely that the present rTMS of ventral PPC mainly effected spatial disengagement, in agreement with previous clinical studies showing that ventral PPC lesions are related to prominent spatial disengagement deficits” | mechanisms[2] |
| builds-on | Babiloni and others 2006— “The length of the rTMS train corresponded to the activation timing of PPC previously found in an electroencephalography (EEG) study carried out with the same paradigm (Babiloni and others 2006).” | claim_relations[0] |
| replicates | Vallar 2001; Corbetta and Shulman 2002; Karnath and others 2003; Corbetta and others 2005— “These results corroborate the well-known notion that ventral PPC is a putative substrate of neglect and other visuospatial deficits (e.g., Vallar 2001; Corbetta and Shulman 2002; Karnath and others 2003; Corbetta and others 2005).” | claim_relations[1] |
| contradicts | the idea that visuospatial attention and primary consciousness are subserved by strictly interdependent networks— “In this sense, the present findings challenge the idea that visuospatial attention and primary consciousness are subserved by strictly interdependent networks.” | claim_relations[2] |
| sense | primary consciousness, as measured - THE PERCENTAGE OF `seen trials`: the title claims a functional role in primary consciousness and the experiment records how often a subject reported perceiving a cue at their own threshold duration, so a term from consciousness theory and a detection rate occupy the same slot— “Trials associated with the conscious perception of cue stimuli were defined as ‘‘seen trials” | senses[0] |
| sense | the threshold time - EACH SUBJECT'S OWN 50% POINT: defined as the cue duration giving about 50% correct detections over 10 trials, repeated 7 times, so the quantity is fitted per person and every later percentage is measured relative to that fit— “The threshold time was defined as the duration of the cue stimulus determining about 50% of correct stimulus detections within a series of 10 trials” | senses[1] |
| sense | the 52.9% baseline - NEAR THE DESIGN TARGET BY CONSTRUCTION: the calibration sets each subject near 50% detection, so the baseline seen-trial rate is close to the number the procedure aimed at; the rTMS effect is a departure from a value the method placed there, not from a natural rate— “Across subjects mean percentage of the ‘‘seen trials’’ was 52.9% (±0.8 SE) in the baseline condition (no rTMS)” | senses[2] |
| control | SHAM rTMS delivered at the same sites, and the effect measured as the difference between real and sham — held — rules out that the effect is the coil's noise, scalp sensation or the expectation of stimulation rather than the magnetic pulse reaching cortex— “In ‘‘Consciousness’’ experiment, number of consciously perceived visual stimuli was lower by about 10% after rTMS (300 ms, 20 Hz, motor threshold intensity) on left or right PPC than after sham (pseudo) rTMS.” | controls[0] |
| control | the same sham-difference correlation was computed ACROSS the two experiments as a control comparison — held — rules out that a correlation between the consciousness and attention measures is a general property of the difference scores rather than a shared mechanism— “As a control, the correlation was also calculated between the difference (sham-rTMS at left or right PPC) of ‘‘seen’’ trials in the ‘‘Consciousness’’ experiment and the difference (sham-rTMS at left or right PPC) of reaction times to valid trials in the ‘‘Attentional’’ experiment.” | controls[1] |
| edge | conscious perception —operationalised-as→ seen trials— “Trials associated with the conscious perception of cue stimuli were defined as ‘‘seen trials” | concept_edges[0] |
| edge | threshold time —operationalised-as→ correct stimulus detections— “The threshold time was defined as the duration of the cue stimulus determining about 50% of correct stimulus detections within a series of 10 trials” | concept_edges[1] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the SIZE of the reported effect: THE SMALL BUT SIGNIFICANT MAGNITUDE OF rTMS EFFECTS ON VENTRAL PPC (ABOUT 10%) IS LIKELY DUE TO THE USE OF FOCAL COIL AND NEAR-THRESHOLD INTENSITY OF rTMS— “The small but significant magnitude of rTMS effects on ventral PPC (about 10%) is likely due to the use of focal coil and near-threshold intensity of rTMS.” | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — any claim that localises the effect to ventral PPC: THE EFFECT OF rTMS DOES NOT REMAIN LIMITED TO THE TARGETED BRAIN REGION BUT SPREAD TRANSYNAPTICALLY— “As a premise, it should be remarked that the effect of rTMS does not remain limited to the targeted brain region but spread… | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the reaction-time interpretation: THE SLOWING OF THE REACTION TIME IS MAINLY DUE TO VISUOSPATIAL SENSORY PROCESSING, ALTHOUGH A SLIGHT INFLUENCE ON MOTOR OUTPUT CANNOT BE EXCLUDED | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — any citation of this paper as evidence about consciousness: trials associated with the conscious perception of the cue stimuli were defined as seen trials, and the reported measure is their percentage | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the baseline seen-trial rate reported here: the threshold time was defined as the cue duration producing about 50% of correct stimulus detections within a series of 10 trials, so a baseline near 50% follows from the calibration | limitations[4] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | The behavioural effect of the stimulation was small, attributed to the focal coil and near-threshold intensity used. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | rTMS effects are not confined to the targeted region, so the locus of the effect is not purely ventral PPC. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | A motor-output contribution to the reaction-time slowing cannot be excluded. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | The paper's consciousness measure is the percentage of trials a subject reported seeing. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | The stimulus duration was calibrated per subject to about 50% detection, so the baseline rate is a design target. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Repetitive TMS over either left or right ventral posterior parietal cortex significantly reduced the number of cue stimuli that subjects consciously reported seeing, compared with sham stimulation. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Real rTMS over right or left ventral PPC slowed reaction times to go stimuli relative to sham. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | The size of the consciousness impairment and the size of the attention impairment were not correlated across individuals. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Any rTMS, real or sham, generally shortened reaction times: 418 ms after sham, 446 ms after left and 438 ms after right PPC stimulation. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | A control analysis validated the subjective reports: reaction times were faster on trials the subject called 'seen' than on trials called 'not seen'. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| quantity | 18 — number of healthy adult volunteers stimulated Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | about 10% — drop in the number of consciously perceived visual stimuli after parietal rTMS versus sham Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | about 25 ms — slowing of reaction time to go stimuli caused by parietal rTMS relative to sham Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 72 ms (±7.9 SE) — mean individually determined perceptive threshold duration of the cue stimulus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | F2,34 = 5.25; P < 0.01 — ANOVA main effect of stimulation site on reaction time in the Attentional experiment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | r = –0.36, P = 0.13 — correlation between seen-trial count and reaction time after left-PPC rTMS (not significant) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | F1,18 = 5.84; P < 0.025 — control-ANOVA main effect of seen/not-seen condition on reaction time Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| variable | Site of Stimulation (real left PPC, real right PPC, sham) (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | reaction time (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | sham condition (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | spatial congruence (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| definition | visual primary consciousness Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | primary consciousness Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | threshold time Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | reaction time Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| concept | seen trials Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[0] |
| concept | conscious perception Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[1] |
| concept | threshold time Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[2] |
| concept | correct stimulus detections Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[3] |
| concept | primary consciousness Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[4] |
| ANOVA F | as written: analysis of variance (ANOVA) test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| post hoc multiple comparison test | as written: Duncan test was used for post hoc comparisons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| correlation r | as written: Pearson test; Bonferroni corrected Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| F-test / p-value F | as written: statistically significant main effect (F2,34 = 3.77; P < 0.03 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| mean and standard error SE | as written: Across subjects mean percentage ... (±0.8 SE) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
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