phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | racial priming by implicit racial appeals— “Our theory suggests that anger and fear, in the context of an implicit racial appeal, influence whites’ views about race differently.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “We contend that racial priming is most effective when an IRA arouses anger.” | |
| method — evidence | — “Using an experiment over two waves, we induce anger and fear from an implicit racialized campaign ad and find that anger uniquely boosts opposition to racial policies among white racial conservatives.” | |
| transfer | from psychology (emotion / memory research): the paper takes Bower and Forgas's theory of emotional priming — a psychological account of mood-congruent recall — and uses it as the explanatory engine for a political-communication effect— “We rely on Bower and Forgas’s (2001) theory of emotional priming to argue that specific emotions from IRAs play an important role in activating racial attitudes.” | transfers[0] |
| mechanism | anger and symbolic racism are stored as tightly linked associations in memory, so arousing anger activates the racial belief system and makes it available for the subsequent policy judgement— “We argue that anger and symbolic racism (SR) are tightly linked in memory, and evoking this emotion in the context of an IRA should then activate this belief system and cause a shift in opposition to racial policies.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | emotional (mood-congruent) priming: being returned to the emotional state in which an attitude was learned makes that attitude easier to recall— “We rely on Bower and Forgas’s (2001) theory of emotional priming to argue that specific emotions from IRAs play an important role in activating racial attitudes.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | because contemporary racial discourse is dominated by blame attribution, and blame is the appraisal that produces anger, anger rather than fear is the emotion bonded to whites' racial predispositions— “If contemporary discussions about race are dominated by blame rhetoric, we suspect that anger should be strongly linked to whites’ negative racial predispositions.” | mechanisms[2] |
| builds-on | Bower and Forgas (2001)— “We rely on Bower and Forgas’s (2001) theory of emotional priming to argue that specific emotions from IRAs play an important role in activating racial attitudes.” | claim_relations[0] |
| builds-on | Banks and Valentino (2012)— “In fact, Banks and Valentino (2012) observe such an effect; they find that anger (independent of racial or political content), and not disgust or fear, is highly correlated with, and can in fact activate, SR.” | claim_relations[1] |
| replicates | Banks and Valentino (2012)— “However, Banks and Valentino (2012) find similar results on an adult national sample.” | claim_relations[2] |
| sense | negative emotion, as this paper refuses to use it - the charge is CONFLATION: most research on racial priming treats negative affect as one thing, and the paper's contribution is to show that two negative emotions from the same advertisement do different work. A category being used where a distinction was needed— “Most of the research on racial priming seems to conflate the effect of negative emotions” | senses[0] |
| sense | anger, in this account - not a stronger version of negative feeling but a SPECIFIC ROUTE: it is argued to be tightly linked in memory to whites' negative racial attitudes, so it reaches them where another negative emotion may not. The claim is about association, not intensity— “We suspect this effect occurs because anger and whites’ negative racial attitudes are tightly linked in memory” | senses[1] |
| sense | racial conservative and racial liberal, as defined here by WHERE THEY LOCATE THE CAUSE: conservatives find fault in the moral character of blacks, liberals blame the racism and discrimination endured. The two are separated by an attribution rather than by a policy position, which is what lets one emotion move them in opposite directions— “While racial conservatives find fault in the moral character of blacks, racial liberals blame the racism and discrimination that blacks have endured over the years” | senses[2] |
| control | a manipulation check on the campaign advertisements, coded from an open-ended 'how did the advertisement make you feel' by two trained research assistants, double-coded — partial— “However, they also expressed some fear (β = .19; p ≥ .05) relative to the control condition.” — rules out that the anger and fear advertisements produced the emotions they were built to produce, rather than undifferentiated negative affect— “We conducted a manipulation check to test whether our ads produced the intended emotion.” | controls[0] |
| differs in | anger —distinct-from→ fear — WHICH ONE IS BOUND TO RACIAL ATTITUDES IN MEMORY - the paper's claim is that they are not interchangeable negatives, and that the difference is associative rather than a matter of degree— “Our theory suggests that anger and fear, in the context of an implicit racial appeal, influence whites’ views about race differently”— “Our theory suggests that anger and fear, in the context of an implicit racial appeal” | concept_edges[0] |
| note | anger —distinct-from→ fear — THE DISTINCTION THE PAPER EXISTS TO DRAW, and it is drawn against its own field: the charge is that research on racial priming conflates the two under 'negative emotion'.— “Our theory suggests that anger and fear, in the context of an implicit racial appeal, influence whites’ views about race differently” | concept_edges[0] |
| weight | anger —distinct-from→ fear — 0.9 | concept_edges[0] |
| differs in | racial conservatives —contrasted-with→ racial liberals — WHERE EACH LOCATES THE CAUSE of black disadvantage - in moral character, or in racism and discrimination endured. An attributional difference, not a policy one | concept_edges[2] |
| note | racial conservatives —contrasted-with→ racial liberals — Recorded because the paper's headline result depends on it: the same anger, from the same advertisement, moves these two groups in OPPOSITE directions on the same policies. | concept_edges[2] |
| weight | racial conservatives —contrasted-with→ racial liberals — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| outcome | control — partial Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | The sample was a non-representative convenience sample of undergraduates, over-weighted toward liberals. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | It is unknown whether an adult sample would show the same effect. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | Generalisation beyond crime to other racialised issue domains is untested. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | An implicit racial appeal that arouses anger significantly amplifies the effect of symbolic racism on opposition to racial policies among whites. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | An implicit racial appeal that arouses fear does not boost the effect of symbolic racism on racial policy opinions. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Among whites low in symbolic racism, anger moved policy opinion in the opposite direction, making racial liberals more supportive of racial policies. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | The marginal effect of anger on racial policy opinion grows monotonically with symbolic racism while the marginal effect of fear stays flat across the same range. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | The emotion manipulation worked: open-ended responses in the anger ad condition showed significantly more intense anger than both the control and the fear conditions. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Overall, the experiment shows anger is the emotional channel through which an implicit racial appeal primes symbolic racism. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| quantity | 113 — total number of experimental subjects in wave 2, of whom 85 were white Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 65 percent — share of the student sample who were liberals (a stated limitation of the convenience sample) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 59 percent — retention/response rate from wave 1 (190 subjects) to wave 2 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | β = .44; p ≥ .001 — intensity of expressed anger in the anger-ad condition relative to control, in the manipulation check Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | β = .57; p ≥ .001 — intensity of expressed fear in the fear-ad condition relative to control Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| variable | symbolic racism (moderator) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | racial policy opinions (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | age (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| definition | implicit racial appeal Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | symbolic racism (SR) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | racial priming Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | appraisal theory of emotion Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | anger Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| concept | anger — not defined in this paper's own words; one of the two emotions the paper splits apart, and the one it argues is bound to racial attitudes in memory - so it is a ROUTE to them rather than an amplifier of them Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[0] |
| concept | fear — not defined in this paper's own words; the other, and the paper's point is that it is NOT interchangeable with anger even though both are negative - which is the conflation it is charging the field with Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[1] |
| concept | racial priming — not defined in this paper's own words; the literature this paper is correcting from inside: it accepts the effect and denies that the emotion carrying it can be treated as one undifferentiated thing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[2] |
| concept | racial attitudes — not defined in this paper's own words; what the appeal reaches, and the claim is about ACCESS: anger is tied to these attitudes in memory, so an appeal that evokes anger reaches them and one that evokes fear may not Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[3] |
| concept | racial conservatives — not defined in this paper's own words; one of two ideological groups that the same advertisement moves in OPPOSITE directions, which is why ideology is a node on this record and not a control Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[4] |
| concept | racial liberals — not defined in this paper's own words; the other, and the paper reports anger making them MORE supportive of racial policies - the half of the result that a one-directional account would have missed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[5] |
| regression | as written: unstandardized OLS regression coefficients Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| interaction term in linear regression | as written: positive and significant interaction between the anger condition and SR in linear regressions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| Cronbach's alpha (intercoder/scale reliability) | as written: Cronbach’s alpha reveals a high level of reliability across the two coders Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| bootstrap | as written: we also use bootstrapping to reestimate our standard errors Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| confidence interval | as written: 95-percent confidence interval around the marginal effect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
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