phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | memory— “Memory is the record of experience represented in the brain.” | |
| claim-type | existence— “There are multiple forms of memory supported by distinct brain systems.” | |
| method — evidence | — “Thus a central tenet in this field is that there are multiple memory systems , each characterized by distinct operating characteristics and brain pathways in which memories are embodied in the plasticity of information processing within the relevant neural circuit (Figure 1; Eichenbaum & Cohen, 2001).” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “Memory is the record of experience represented in the brain.” | |
| mechanism | Coincident excitatory input and depolarization at NMDA receptors admits Ca++, triggering a cAMP-CREB-immediate-early-gene-protein-synthesis cascade that structurally fixes the synaptic change— “LTP is typically induced by the co-occurence of excitatory input and intracellular depolarization at the so-called Hebbian synapse , involving N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors that allow the entry of Ca++ into the synapse, which activates cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Repeated two-way medial-temporal-cortical interactions (including replay) progressively reorganize connections among cortical representations, consolidating episodes and semantic knowledge into permanent storage— “Over a prolonged period, these interactions result in a substantial reorganization and consolidation of connections among cortical representations to incorporate the information contained in new episodes and abstracted semantic knowledge into permanent memory (McClelland et al., 1995).” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Emotional arousal releases glucocorticoids and engages adrenergic mechanisms through the amygdala, which modulates the strength of memory fixation in other memory systems— “Emotional arousal induces the release of glucocorticoids and adrenergic mechanisms via the amygdala, influencing memory fixation in both the declarative and procedural memory systems and in both animals and humans.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | The medial temporal lobe converts short-term into long-term memory without being the permanent store, which is why H.M. lost new memories and kept old ones— “Furthermore, the fact that H.M. retains memories for events that occurred remotely… | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | Declarative memory works by binding items to each other, to their context and to neighbouring events, which is what makes it relational Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | False memory is a failure of that same relational machinery rather than a separate defect - the network returns relations that never occurred Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | Long-term potentiation runs through a molecular cascade ending in protein synthesis, and blocking any step blocks permanent memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | The timing of that blockade separates the two kinds of memory: it stops permanent fixation and leaves initial learning and short-term memory intact Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | Potentiation and depression share a molecular substrate and differ only in the timing rules of synaptic activity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[8] |
| extends | Scoville and Milner's report of patient H.M. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| supports | Schacter's characterisation of implicit memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| extends | Eichenbaum and Cohen's multiple-memory-systems framework Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| sense | memory - divided by DURATION: whether it lasts a short or a long period Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | memory - divided by EXPRESSION: explicit conscious remembering versus implicit change in speed or bias Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | memory - divided by CONTENT: unique experiences versus accumulated knowledge, the episodic/semantic axis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | short-term memory - as working memory: explicitly a form of DECLARATIVE memory, held in consciousness Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | implicit memory - as a family of LONG-term systems: procedural, emotional and priming, each with its own pathway Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | recognition - familiarity versus recollection: two capacities of one cortical-hippocampal system Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| edge | working memory —is-a→ declarative memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| edge | procedural memory —is-a→ implicit memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| edge | declarative memory —distinct-from→ implicit memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| audit | medial temporal lobe —causes→ memory consolidation — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'converting a short-term memory to a long-term, permanent memory store', not 'memory consolidation'. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| edge | hippocampus —part-of→ medial temporal lobe Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| audit | relational memory processing —causes→ false memory — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but endpoint by anaphora: 'relational processing' = relational memory processing (previous sentence). Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| audit | long-term potentiation —part-of→ Hebbian synapse — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but LTP is INDUCED AT the Hebbian synapse; part-of is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| edge | long term depression —contrasted-with→ long-term potentiation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[9] |
| audit | habituation —part-of→ multiple memory systems — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but habituation is named among the elementary FORMS of memory; part-of 'multiple memory systems' is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[11] |
| edge | familiarity —distinct-from→ recollection Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[12] |
| note | episodic memory —is-a→ associative memory — REPLACES concept_edges[1], which typed episodic memory as a kind of DECLARATIVE memory. That is true of the field and this paper does not say it: the only sentence in the staged body placing episodic memory under a superclass places it under ASSOCIATIVE memory. The old edge is withdrawn, not corrected in place, because its 'to' was wrong rather than its quote. NO 'relation'/relation evidence ON THIS EDGE, DELIBERATELY: the sentence's class cue is 'the most complex forms of associative memory', and the gate's is-a cue list holds 'a form of' but not 'forms of'. That is an earlier note of ours exactly - the cue vocabulary lacks the plural of a form it already accepts - and I am not editing the cue lists, which have two named amenders. The edge therefore joins the 92% that carry a span and no marked clause. Add the clause when the vocabulary is widened. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[14] |
| weight | episodic memory —is-a→ associative memory — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[14] |
| for which use | limitation — the empirical base of the whole systems framework: it begins with THE STUDY OF A PATIENT KNOWN BY HIS INITIALS H.M. - a single surgical case Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — any claim that the memory systems are separable: THE PROCEDURAL AND EMOTIONAL MEMORY SYSTEMS CAN STORE AND DISTINCTLY EXPRESS DIFFERENT FORMS OF MEMORY EVEN FOR THE SAME EVENT - distinct and simultaneously overlapping Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the category implicit memory itself: THESE VARIOUS FORMS OF IMPLICIT MEMORY ARE SUPPORTED BY A VARIETY OF MEMORY SYSTEMS - it is not one system but the residue left when declarative memory is removed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| replication | replicated | |
| limitation | The foundational evidence for the whole framework rests on a single surgical patient Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The systems are described as distinct while also interacting and storing the same event separately, so the boundaries are functional rather than sharp Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | Implicit memory is characterised as a variety of systems rather than one, so the category is defined by what it is not Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Across all its varieties, memory is claimed to reduce to changes in synaptic connections inside the circuits of each memory system. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Blocking the molecular cascade only works within minutes of learning, which shows the cascade is needed for permanent fixation but not for initial or short-term memory. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Episodic memory is the form most prominently impaired by aging, even though all types of learning capacity decline somewhat. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Age-related memory loss is attributed to fewer synaptic connections and weakened neuromodulation rather than to neuronal death. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | False memory is characterised as a failure of relational processing that retrieves relations which never occurred but are supported by the relational network. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | H.M. could not remember new information, yet kept considerable memories from childhood up to a few years before his surgery. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | blocking the molecular cascade prevents permanent memory while leaving initial learning and short-term memory intact Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | amnesic patients impaired in declarative memory typically retain implicit memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | potentiation and depression occur in every structure known to take part in memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| definition | memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | multiple memory systems Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | learning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | declarative memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | working memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | episodic memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | semantic memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | implicit memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | priming Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| definition | procedural memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[9] |
| definition | memory consolidation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[10] |
| definition | relational memory processing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[11] |
| definition | long-term potentiation (LTP) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[12] |
| definition | long term depression (LTD) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[13] |
| definition | flashbulb memories Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[14] |
| definition | declarative memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[15] |
| definition | implicit memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[16] |
| definition | episodic memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[17] |
| definition | working memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[18] |
| definition | procedural memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[19] |
| definition | long-term potentiation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[20] |
| definition | memory consolidation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[21] |
| definition | learning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[22] |
| key-terms | multiple memory systems, declarative memory, implicit memory, episodic memory, semantic memory, working memory, iconic memory, procedural memory, emotional memory, relational memory processing, memory consolidation, medial temporal lobe, long-term potentiation, long term depression, Hebbian synapse, false memory, familiarity, recollection |
| concept | long-term potentiation — not defined in this paper's own words; a lasting increase in synaptic strength, the cellular model of memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[13] |
| concept | associative memory — not defined in this paper's own words; the class this paper actually places episodic and semantic memory under - the most complex end of a range that starts at habituation and sensitization Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[21] |
| claim type | existence — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: existence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| phenomenon | memory — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
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