phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | hippocampal time cells— “Instead, these cells represent the flow of time in specific memories and have therefore been dubbed ‘time cells’.” | |
| claim-type | existence— “Recent studies have revealed the existence of hippocampal neurons that fire at successive moments in temporally structured experiences.” | |
| method — evidence | — “Here I evaluate this hypothesis, discussing first the evidence for the existence of hippocampal time cells, their characteristics and their role in memory.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “Recent studies have revealed the existence of hippocampal neurons that fire at successive moments in temporally structured experiences. Several studies have shown that such temporal coding is not attributable to external events, specific behaviours or spatial dimensions of an experience. Instead, these cells represent the flow of time in… | |
| contribution — evidence | — “The firing properties of time cells parallel those of hippocampal place cells; time cells thus provide an additional dimension that is integrated with spatial mapping.” | |
| transfer | from spatial navigation research: the cue-and-structure vocabulary carried over term by term: temporal cues answering to spatial cues, temporal structure to spatial structure— “Time cells are controlled by the temporal cues (the beginning and end of an episode) and the temporal structure (critical intervals) of an experience, just as place cells are controlled by the spatial cues (landmarks) and the spatial structure (shape) of the environment.” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from psychophysics of time judgement: scalar timing, imported as the criterion a neural code must satisfy to count as a code for time— “Importantly, the authors 18 observed that cells firing later in the delay period were active for longer durations (that is, they had larger ‘time-fields’) ( FIG. 1 ), a phenomenon that was also observed in other studies 19 , 20 (discussed below). This pattern suggests a scalar coding of time, which parallels a hallmark property of time… | transfers[1] |
| mechanism | Slowly evolving cortical temporal-context signals select among preconfigured intra-hippocampal firing chains, so that a given chain comes to represent a particular temporally organised memory— “Combining the findings that support the existence of firing chains with the observations that a broader signal that defines entire memories is needed, perhaps the most likely network mechanism involves slowly evolving temporal context dynamics (that is, signals that spread across multiple sequential events) selecting specific firing chains… | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Cortical areas of the 'where' stream deliver temporal-context signals to the hippocampus, which then parses that continuous context into discrete time fields— “Combined, these findings suggest that signals about the temporal context of experience are sent via a network of cortical areas to the hippocampus, which then parses temporal context into discrete units (time fields) that represent the flow of sequential events” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Repeated sequential activation strengthens connections so each place cell is driven by an earlier-firing cell, producing the backward expansion of place fields— “This backward expansion of place fields could reflect each place cell being driven by an earlier-firing place cell through enhanced connectivity that is generated by repeated sequential activation.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | temporal information generated in the cerebral cortex and other brain areas may provide signals to time cells, or the phenomenon may arise from firing chains generated locally within the hippocampal circuitry— “It is possible that temporal information generated in the cerebral cortex and other brain areas provides signals to time cells within the hippocampus ( FIG. 6a ). Alternatively, the time-cell phenomenon might arise from the sequential activation of firing chains that are generated locally within the hippocampal circuitry” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | the chaining account is supported by place fields expanding backwards from their centre with repeated runs, as if each cell were driven by an earlier-firing one— “This model is consistent with the finding that when rats repeatedly run through a sequence of locations, the place fields of hippocampal neurons expand backwards from their original centre” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | the proposed resolution is a slowly evolving temporal context selecting among preconfigured firing chains, rather than either alone— “Combining the findings that support the existence of firing chains with the observations that a broader signal that defines entire memories is needed, perhaps the most likely network mechanism involves slowly evolving temporal context dynamics (that is, signals that spread across multiple sequential events) selecting specific firing chains… | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | prefrontal and parietal areas of the where stream turn out to be involved in the perception of time and project strongly to the hippocampus— “These findings suggest that prefrontal areas and parietal areas that are classically considered part of the ‘where’ stream (that is, the visual stream for spatial processing) are also involved in the perception of time, and these areas have robust inputs to the hippocampus.” | mechanisms[6] |
| contradicts | the view that the fundamental function of the hippocampus is spatial mapping and navigation (the paper's reference 75)— “This challenges the view that the fundamental function of the hippocampus is spatial mapping and navigation 75 , and instead supports the notion that the hippocampus contributes to memory by organizing elements of experience in both spatial and temporal context.” | claim_relations[0] |
| builds-on | the scalar temporal context model (the paper's reference 69)— “This is inconsistent with firing chains involving uniform-duration neuronal activations but is consistent with a recent variation on the temporal context model known as the scalar temporal context model 69 .” | claim_relations[1] |
| contradicts | the view that the fundamental function of the hippocampus is spatial mapping and navigation— “This challenges the view that the fundamental function of the hippocampus is spatial mapping and navigation 75 , and instead supports the notion that the hippocampus contributes to memory by organizing elements of experience in both spatial and temporal context.” | claim_relations[2] |
| critiques | the strict chaining model in which time cells are a single fixed sequence of cell activations— “Several findings suggest that a strict chaining model, composed of a single sequence of cell activations, is unlikely to be the mechanism for time cells.” | claim_relations[3] |
| builds-on | the temporal context model of hippocampal coding, in its scalar variant— “In addition, firing sequences of time cells are usually scalar, so that time cells that fire later in a sequence also fire for a longer period ( FIGS 1b , 2B ; but see REF. 16 ). This is inconsistent with firing chains involving uniform-duration neuronal activations but is consistent with a recent variation on the temporal context model known… | claim_relations[4] |
| qualifies | the original reports of hippocampal temporal coding, criticised as confounded by location and distance travelled— “These findings generated considerable interest but were initially criticized as being confounded by effects of variations in the animal's location across time and of distance travelled over time, so that the apparent temporal coding could reflect spatial rather than temporal dimensions of the animal's experience” | claim_relations[5] |
| extends | the place-cell account of hippocampal function, by adding a temporal dimension carried by the same cells | claim_relations[6] |
| sense | time cell and place cell are two names for ONE population - the same neurons, distinguished by which dimension the experiment lets you measure, not by which cells they are | senses[0] |
| sense | the parallel is term for term, not loose analogy: temporal cues answer to spatial cues, temporal structure to spatial structure, re-timing to re-mapping, time fields to place fields Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | the name 'time cell' is a coinage of one particular study, made on the strength of an analogy to place cells - because they fire at moments as place cells fire at locations - rather than on a mechanism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | scalar coding - later cells firing for longer - is not decoration but the property that adjudicates between the two mechanisms, since uniform-duration chains cannot produce it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | temporal coding in humans means gradually changing population patterns, while in rodents it means punctate successive activations; the review says so while treating both as the same finding Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | judging an interval and remembering temporal organisation are separated, with the hippocampus central only to the second - so 'timing' names two roles with different anatomy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| differs in | the original reports of hippocampal temporal coding, criticised as confounded by location and distance travelled — THE AXIS IS A SPATIAL CONFOUND. The original temporal-coding reports 'were initially criticized as being confounded by effects of variations in the animal's location across time and of distance travelled over time, so that the apparent temporal coding could reflect spatial rathe[r than temporal] coding'. The finding is not denied - an alternative explanation for it is offered, on one named variable. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| note | time cells —same-as→ place cells — THE STRONGEST SAME-AS IN THE CORPUS: not two populations but one, given two names by two literatures. No lexical join could find this Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| audit | scalar coding —operationalised-as→ time-fields — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but larger time-fields later in the delay is scalar coding; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| note | scalar coding —operationalised-as→ time-fields — scalar time is read off the width of the field, not off any clock Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| note | firing chains —contrasted-with→ temporal context — CRITERION: uniform-duration chains cannot produce later cells that fire longer, and scalar firing is what the temporal context model predicts Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| note | temporal context —contrasted-with→ chaining model — external source against internal generation - the two candidate origins the review is organised around Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| audit | temporal context —causes→ firing chains — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but 'perhaps the most likely' mechanism involves temporal context selecting firing chains; causes is hedged. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| note | temporal context —causes→ firing chains — the proposed resolution: context SELECTS among chains rather than either mechanism acting alone. A proposal, hedged as 'perhaps the most likely' - weighted accordingly Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| weight | temporal context —causes→ firing chains — 0.8 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| note | elapsed time —distinct-from→ distance travelled — DECOUPLED BY DESIGN: treadmill speed varied randomly per trial so the two could be separated at all Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| audit | distance travelled —contrasted-with→ elapsed time — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but most neurons encoded BOTH time and distance; contrasted-with is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| note | distance travelled —contrasted-with→ elapsed time — AND THE CONFOUND SURVIVED: most cells encoded BOTH, to differing degrees - decoupling vindicated the variable without eliminating the rival Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| note | grid cells —part-of→ entorhinal cortex — and they too fire at particular moments, so the same dual coding appears one synapse upstream Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[12] |
| audit | CA1 —contrasted-with→ CA2 — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but CA1 is where time cells were studied and CA2 'could also be important'; contrasted-with is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[13] |
| note | CA1 —contrasted-with→ CA2 — SCOPE: nearly all the evidence is CA1; CA2 has some support and CA3 explicitly none Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[13] |
| weight | CA1 —contrasted-with→ CA2 — 0.7 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[13] |
| audit | trace eye-blink conditioning —distinct-from→ firing chains — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but trace eye-blink conditioning produced NEW temporal patterns rather than co-opting firing chains; distinct-from is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[16] |
| differs in | trace eye-blink conditioning —distinct-from→ firing chains — THE AXIS IS WHETHER LEARNING CREATES THE PATTERN OR RECRUITS ONE. 'one study examining trace eye-blink conditioning reported the emergence of new temporal patterns of neuronal firings associated with learning, rather than a co-opting of existing firing chains.' Both accounts predict temporally structured firing after learning and differ only on where the structure came from - which is invisible in the trained animal and visible only across learning. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[16] |
| note | trace eye-blink conditioning —distinct-from→ firing chains — the dissenting paradigm: new patterns EMERGED with learning rather than existing chains being co-opted Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[16] |
| weight | trace eye-blink conditioning —distinct-from→ firing chains — 0.8 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[16] |
| for which use | limitation — any mechanistic reading of time cells: IT REMAINS A CENTRAL QUESTION WHETHER TEMPORAL INFORMATION ... ORIGINATES FROM ITS INPUTS OR IS GENERATED INTERNALLY Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the anatomical reach of the whole review: STUDIES OF TIME CELLS HAVE FOCUSED ON HIPPOCAMPAL AREA CA1 BECAUSE THIS AREA SEEMS TO BE THE MOST IMPORTANT FOR TEMPORAL ORGANIZATION Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the time/space distinction the review is built on: IT REMAINS ENTIRELY POSSIBLE THAT THE COMMON THREAD IN BOTH DIMENSIONS IS 'ASSOCIATION BY PROXIMITY' IN SPACE OR TIME Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[0] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0] - inputs, internal generation, or a combination, all still open Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the co-opted-chains account specifically: one study REPORTED THE EMERGENCE OF NEW TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF NEURONAL FIRINGS ASSOCIATED WITH LEARNING, RATHER THAN A CO-OPTING OF EXISTING FIRING CHAINS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the human-to-rodent join: the human patterns MORE CLOSELY RESEMBLE THE GRADUALLY EVOLVING TIME SIGNAL ... THAN THE SEQUENCES OF PUNCTATE TIME-CELL ACTIVATIONS in rodents, and are still read as the same phenomenon Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[1], with what is known outside CA1: THERE IS SOME EVIDENCE THAT AREA CA2 (BUT NOT CA3) COULD ALSO BE IMPORTANT FOR TEMPORAL PROCESSING Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[2], with the consequence spelled out: PLACE CELLS AND TIME CELLS ARE SIMPLY REFLECTIONS OF A BASIC FUNCTION OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| replication | replicated | |
| limitation | The origin of hippocampal timing signals - external input versus internally generated firing chains - is left unresolved. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The evidence reviewed is almost entirely restricted to hippocampal area CA1. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The temporal/spatial distinction may be superficial if both reduce to association by proximity. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | whether the temporal signal comes from the inputs, is generated internally, or both, is left as the central open question Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | one study reports new temporal patterns emerging with learning rather than existing chains being co-opted, against the preconfigured account Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | the human recordings show slowly changing patterns rather than the punctate time-cell activations seen in rodents, so the cross-species claim rests on a phenomenon of different form Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | studies of time cells have focused on hippocampal area CA1, with some evidence for CA2 but not CA3 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | the author's closing possibility is that time cells and place cells are both reflections of association by proximity, which would dissolve the distinction the review is built on Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Hippocampal CA1 principal cells encode the temporal structure of remembered experience independently of the animal's location and movement. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Time cells and place cells are not distinct populations — the same hippocampal neurons carry both codes. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Time-cell firing sequences emerge with learning, are specific to particular memories, and predict whether a subsequent memory judgement will be correct. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Several findings suggest a strict chaining model is unlikely to be the mechanism for time cells. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | This challenges the view that spatial mapping and navigation is the hippocampus's fundamental function. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | the original temporal-coding reports were criticised as confounded by the animal's changing location and by distance travelled over time Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | later studies addressed this by tightly controlling the animal's location and movement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | FIRST RUNG: cells with reliable place fields were simply excluded from the analysis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | SECOND RUNG: a general linear model separated location, speed and head direction from elapsed time, leaving an independent contribution of time Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | THIRD RUNG, THE DECOUPLING: treadmill speed was randomised per trial so that elapsed time and distance travelled could be disentangled Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | over 80 percent of active neurons were modulated by elapsed time, position mattered little, but distance was also strongly encoded and most cells carried both Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | FOURTH RUNG: head-fixed preparations removed location and movement altogether Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | the conclusion the ladder licenses: CA1 principal cells encode temporal structure independently of location and movement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | AN EARLY DISSOCIATION: spatial representations differed across trials too, but equally on correct and error trials, so they did not predict memory accuracy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | the firing patterns of many neurons re-timed when the delay was increased, even though the behaviour and locations of the animal during the initial period did not change Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | cells firing later in the delay were active for longer, a scalar coding of time paralleling human and animal time judgements Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | THE IDENTITY CLAIM: time cells are the same neurons as place cells, and in freely moving animals fire only when the animal is in a particular location Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | the same cells that fired at particular moments on the treadmill fired at particular places on the maze outside it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | the reorganisation of time cells when a temporal cue changes parallels the reorganisation of place cells when spatial cues change Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | temporal cues and structure control time cells just as spatial cues and structure control place cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | the proposal that follows is to treat hippocampal principal neurons as multidimensional rather than as either kind of cell Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| finding | temporal coding is tied to memory three ways: it develops with learning, it is memory-specific, and it predicts judgement accuracy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[21] |
| finding | A DOUBLE GRADIENT IN MONKEYS: time coding falls and object-identity coding rises going from entorhinal to perirhinal to inferotemporal cortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[22] |
| finding | QUALIFICATION ON THE CROSS-SPECIES CLAIM: the human patterns are slowly changing rather than punctate, closer to an earlier rat result than to the rodent time cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[23] |
| finding | place-cell sequences replay in compressed form during sleep and quiet wakefulness, so spatial coding is recapitulated temporally Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[24] |
| finding | when spatial and sequence strategies compete, the firing sequences follow whichever strategy the animal expressed on that probe trial Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[25] |
| finding | FOUR ARGUMENTS AGAINST STRICT CHAINING, first: the cells changed their firing patterns even during the initial part of the delay, rather than simply adding cell activations during the extended segment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[26] |
| finding | second: strict chains cannot split to encode overlapping memories that share identical events Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[27] |
| finding | third: scalar firing is inconsistent with uniform-duration chain activations and consistent with the scalar temporal context model Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[28] |
| finding | fourth: compressed replay would need a mechanism that can decompress back to the original intervals Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[29] |
| finding | on the other side, firing chains appear to be preconfigured and then co-opted to organise events Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[30] |
| finding | DISSENT PRESERVED: one trace eye-blink study found new temporal patterns emerging with learning rather than existing chains being used Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[31] |
| finding | the proposed synthesis is temporal context dynamics selecting specific firing chains Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[32] |
| finding | grid cells in medial entorhinal cortex also fire at particular moments during treadmill running Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[33] |
| finding | judging intervals and remembering temporal organisation are separated, with the hippocampus secondary to the first and central to the second Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[34] |
| finding | the review's headline consequence: this challenges spatial mapping and navigation as the fundamental function of the hippocampus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[35] |
| finding | THE AUTHOR'S CLOSING DEFLATION: it remains entirely possible that both dimensions reduce to association by proximity, making time cells and place cells reflections of one associative function Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[36] |
| quantity | over 80% — proportion of neurons active during treadmill running whose activity was modulated by elapsed time, in a study that dissociated time from distance travelled Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | approximately 30% — proportion of hippocampal cells coding successive moments of the delay in head-fixed rats doing a delayed matching-to-sample task Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | about 100 ms — the compressed duration within which seconds-long place-cell sequences are replayed during quiet periods Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | over 80% — neurons active during treadmill running whose activity was modulated by elapsed time Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| variable | elapsed time Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | distance travelled Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| definition | time cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | place cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | re-timing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | temporal context model Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | chaining model Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | place cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | time cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| definition | scalar coding Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[9] |
| definition | replay Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[10] |
| definition | chaining model Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[11] |
| key-terms | time cells, place cells, time-fields, place fields, re-timed, re-map, scalar coding, temporal context, chaining model, firing chains, replay, CA1, grid cells, re-time, elapsed time, distance travelled, episodic memory |
| general linear model | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| claim type | existence — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: existence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| phenomenon | hippocampal neurons firing at successive specific moments within a temporally structured period, filling it out — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: hippocampal time cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
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