phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | hippocampal cell-assembly coding of auditory pitch and duration— “This study reports how hippocampal individual cells and cell assemblies cooperate for neural coding of pitch and temporal information in memory processes for auditory stimuli.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “Considering those results, this study concludes that dual coding by hippocampal single neurons and cell assemblies is working in memory processing of pitch and temporal information of auditory stimuli.” | |
| method — evidence | — “Multiple neurons were recorded from the rat pyramidal-cell layers of CA1 and CA3 during the performance of the two tasks.” | |
| transfer | from philosophy: Bergson's philosophical account of time perception is imported as the interpretive model for why duration is never coded on its own but always alongside another stimulus attribute— “These non-independent processes for the coding of time in the working brain support Henri Bergson’s theory about the perception of time (Bergson, 1889).” | transfers[0] |
| mechanism | Individual neurons belong to more than one cell assembly, so an assembly can distinguish two tasks that no single member neuron can distinguish - which is how the rat behaves differently while single-cell activity does not differentiate— “A solution to this contradiction between the single-neuronal activity and the animal’s behavior is the theory of cell-assembly coding” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Coding a task consists in the neurons of the corresponding assembly becoming correlated in activity while that task is being performed— “If the model outlined in Fig. 9 is correct, activity correlations among the neurons within each of the cell assemblies are expected when the information, i.e., tasks, are being coded by the cell assemblies.” | mechanisms[1] |
| extends | Sakurai (1996a) cell-assembly coding model of stimulus-discrimination tasks— “The present results suggest such overlapping of neurons among cell assemblies, and indicate that each type of task is coded not by single neurons but by cell assemblies comprised of the task-related neurons, as was found in a previous study (Sakurai, 1996a).” | claim_relations[0] |
| builds-on | dual-coding hypothesis (Arieli et al., 1996; Riehle et al., 1997; de Oliveira et al., 1997)— “The present model is largely consistent with the hypothesis of dual coding proposed in several recent studies (Arieli et al., 1996; Riehle et al., 1997; de Oliveira et al., 1997), which suggested that single neurons encode types of incoming stimuli and cell assemblies encode types of tasks, situations, contexts and/or inner cognitive… | claim_relations[1] |
| builds-on | Henri Bergson's theory of the perception of time (Bergson, 1889)— “These non-independent processes for the coding of time in the working brain support Henri Bergson’s theory about the perception of time (Bergson, 1889).” | claim_relations[2] |
| sense | the division of labour - TWO LEVELS, TWO OBJECTS, IN ONE SENTENCE: single neurons encode the auditory pitches and temporal lengths themselves, while cell assemblies encode the TYPE OF TASK - the context in which that information is processed - so 'the hippocampus codes pitch' is true at one level and beside the point at the other— “The single neurons encode both auditory pitches and their temporal lengths and the cell assemblies encode types of tasks (contexts or situations) in which the pitch and the temporal information are processed” | senses[0] |
| sense | dual coding - A BORROWED NAME, ATTRIBUTED: the paper states the phenomenon HAS BEEN CALLED dual coding and cites the source, then reports it demonstrated in several brain regions, so the term arrives with a history rather than being coined here; the citation itself is cut from the span because the staged text mangles the author name— “This phenomenon has been called ‘dual coding’” | senses[1] |
| sense | the cell-assembly model's standing - SUPPORTED BY A CORRELATION: the verification is that cross-correlation analysis among simultaneously recorded neurons supported the suggested model, which is a consistency check rather than an independent measurement of an assembly— “Cross-correlation analysis among activities of simultaneously recorded multiple neurons supported the suggested cell-assembly model” | senses[2] |
| control | one of the four discriminative stimuli presented in random order at the start of every trial, in both tasks — held — rules out the animal anticipating which stimulus is coming - a predictable sequence would let it prepare the response before the stimulus arrives, which is the thing the neurons are being read for— “At the start of each trial, in both tasks, one of the discriminative stimuli (H3, H1, L3, L1) was presented in a random manner.” | controls[0] |
| differs in | cell assemblies —contrasted-with→ single neurons — what each level encodes: the stimulus attributes themselves, or the type of task in which they are processed— “The single neurons encode both auditory pitches and their temporal lengths and the cell assemblies encode types of tasks (contexts or situations) in which the pitch and the temporal information are processed”— “The single neurons encode both auditory pitches and their temporal lengths and the cell assemblies encode types of tasks” | concept_edges[0] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the claim that the hippocampus codes this information: THE SENSORY INFORMATION OF INPUTS (DURATION AND PITCH) AND/OR THE TASKS WITH THEM MIGHT BE CODED AND PROCESSED FIRST IN SENSORY AREAS AND THEN PASSED ONTO AND REFLECTED IN THE HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION— “However, the sensory information of inputs (duration and pitch) and/or the tasks with them might be coded and processed ¢rst in sensory areas and then passed onto and re£ected in the hippocampal formation, because some of the sensory neocortical regions have actually been shown to have high degrees of neuronal dynamics underlying… | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the assemblies this design can detect: INVESTIGATION OF A GLOBAL CELL ASSEMBLY AMONG PLURAL REGIONS IS NECESSARY, BECAUSE ENSEMBLE CODING BY CELL ASSEMBLIES CAN BE DIFFUSE— “Besides these investigations within regions of interest, investigation of a global cell assembly among plural regions is necessary, because ensemble coding by cell assemblies can be di¡use (Sakurai, 1996b, 1999a; Singer, 1999; Singer et al., 1997).” | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the generality of the dual-coding scheme: OTHER BRAIN REGIONS SHOULD ALSO BE STUDIED, AS DUAL CODING WITH CELL ASSEMBLY MIGHT BE COMMON ACROSS MANY DIFFERENT BRAIN REGIONS— “Other brain regions should also be studied, as dual coding with cell assembly might be common across many di¡erent brain regions.” | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — every cross-correlation result, which describes the more active pairs: NEURON PAIRS WHOSE COMBINED TOTAL NUMBERS OF DISCHARGES WERE LESS THAN 2000 DURING A TASK WERE NOT INCLUDED— “Because constructing cross-correlograms requires large enough numbers of neuronal discharges, neuron pairs whose combined total numbers of discharges were less than 2000 during a task were not included in the samples, as in the previous study (Sakurai, 1996a).” | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the cell-assembly account offered here: the authors state that cross-correlation analysis among simultaneously recorded neurons supported the suggested model— “Cross-correlation analysis among activities of simultaneously recorded multiple neurons supported the suggested… | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the claim that time is coded together with other stimulus attributes: the authors invoke a philosophical argument that we tend to perceive time not as independent information but as information concomitant with other physical attributes of stimuli | limitations[5] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | The pitch and duration information may in fact be coded first in sensory cortex and only reflected in hippocampus. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | Recording within one region cannot capture assemblies that are distributed across regions. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | Whether the dual-coding scheme generalises beyond hippocampus is untested here. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | Neuron pairs with fewer than 2000 combined discharges were excluded from the cross-correlation analysis. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | The cell-assembly model is described as supported by the correlation analysis, not established by it. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | The interpretation of temporal coding rests on an imported philosophical argument. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Every hippocampal neuron that discriminated long from short tones in the duration task was also task-related in the pitch task, without exception. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Neurons related only to the pitch task were the most numerous class, and not a single neuron was related to the duration task alone. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | The author infers that temporal information cannot be coded independently by dedicated neurons, whereas pitch information can. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | The cell assembly encoding the duration task is not separate but sits entirely inside the assembly encoding the pitch task. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | 37 neuron pairs supported the nested cell-assembly hypothesis against 11 that did not. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | The study concludes for dual coding: single neurons carry both the pitch and the duration of the tones, while cell assemblies carry which task (context) the animal is performing. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| quantity | 113 — total hippocampal neurons recorded, split 68 in CA1 and 45 in CA3 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 48 — neuron pairs that entered the cross-correlation analysis, 28 from CA1 and 20 from CA3 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 37 ... 11 — neuron pairs supporting versus contradicting the nested cell-assembly model Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | X2(2) = 48.1, P 6 .001 — chi-squared test showing the three classes of task-related neurons differ in proportion Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 12 — number of 5-month-old male albino rats used Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 85 dB ... 10 kHz ... 2 kHz — intensity and the high/low frequencies of the four discriminative tones, presented at 3 s or 1 s Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 85% — correct-trial criterion each rat had to reach in a session before moving on in training Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| variable | type of information (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | discriminative stimulus (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | activity correlation (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| definition | dual coding Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | cross-correlation analysis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | single-neuron coding Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | cell-assembly coding Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| concept | cell assemblies Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[0] |
| concept | single neurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[1] |
| concept | dual coding Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[2] |
| concept | Cross-correlation analysis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[3] |
| concept | philosophical argument Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[4] |
| Wilcoxon signed-rank test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| Kruskal-Wallis test H | as written: Kruskal^Wallis H Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| Mann-Whitney U test U | as written: Mann^Whitney U tests Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| chi-squared X2 | as written: X2(2) = 48.1 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| confidence interval | as written: a band of 99.5% confidence limits Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
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