x 10 9 may be x 10⁹, chi 2 5 may be chi-squared with five degrees of freedom, and 1 2 may be one half. Read any expression here against the published paper before relying on it.phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | visual recalibration of auditory space— “We investigated auditory spatial recalibration by vision.” | |
| claim-type | existence— “We show that in humans recalibration of perceived auditory space by vision can occur after a single exposure to discrepant auditory–visual stimuli lasting only a few milliseconds.” | |
| method — evidence | — “On unisensory auditory (A) trials, subjects reported the location of sound, on unisensory visual (V) trials, they reported the location of visual stimulus, and on bisensory (AV) trials they reported both the location of visual stimulus and location of auditory stimulus.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “Nonetheless, the dynamics of sensory recalibration is unknown, and it is unclear whether prolonged inconsistency is required to trigger recalibration or whether such mechanisms are continuously engaged in self-maintenance.” | |
| research question — evidence | — “The extant data on sensory recalibration observed after extensive exposure are consistent with the following two competing hypotheses about the underlying mechanism: (1) a mechanism that becomes engaged from the onset of exposure to the discrepancy; and (2) a mechanism that requires accumulation of evidence of error in the form of repeated… | |
| contribution — evidence | — “We show that in humans recalibration of perceived auditory space by vision can occur after a single exposure to discrepant auditory–visual stimuli lasting only a few milliseconds.” | |
| transfer | from machine learning: the teaching signal and self-supervised learning, imported to describe one modality correcting another with no external feedback— “The visual signal appears to serve as a teaching signal for auditory modality, resulting in self-supervised learning of sensory representations.” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from motor control research: the trial-by-trial adaptation-to-induced-error paradigm, imported as the expected timescale that sensory maps were assumed not to share— “However, an important difference between motor adaptation and the current example of sensory adaptation is that in the former, direct feedback can be used as teaching signal. Moreover, the motor system is expected to be highly malleable and dynamic (for instance, due to muscle fatigue), and thus, subject to adjustment.” | transfers[1] |
| mechanism | Vision acts as a teaching signal that corrects the auditory spatial map because visual location estimates are far more reliable (lower response variance) than auditory ones, producing self-supervised learning without external feedback— “It seems that vision provided a teaching signal for auditory recalibration because the visual estimates were much more reliable (much lower variance in responses) ( Burge et al., 2010 ).” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Perceived unity of the two signals plus the size of the discrepancy jointly gate recalibration, so a sizable map shift happens only when the conflict is likely to reflect systematic error rather than noise, which keeps the perceptual system stable— “Therefore, the dependency of recalibration on the perceived unity of the signals as well as its dependence on the degree of discrepancy together suggests that a sizable shift in the auditory map does not occur all the time and is selective to situations wherein the discrepancy likely reflects a systematic error in one of the modalities.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | the field's default position is diagnosed as an artefact of which experiments existed: no one had tested single exposures, so the accumulation account won implicitly— “To date, the lack of evidence for fast recalibration has implicitly favored the latter hypothesis.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | the experiment is not built but found - pseudorandom interleaving in a dataset collected for another question makes every auditory trial's predecessor a single-exposure manipulation— “The raw data from these spatial localization judgments have been used in another study ( Wozny et al., 2010 ).” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | two accounts that agree on most trials are separated by isolating the subset where they predict opposite directions— “We scrutinized this issue further by examining the subset of trials in which a shift in the direction of visual discrepancy and a shift in the direction of visual stimulus would be in opposite directions.” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | the dependent measure is defined relative to each observer's own average response to that sound position, so a shift of zero is what randomness would give— “Thus, if the distribution of responses to a given sound position is sampled randomly, on average this shift in perceived auditory location would be zero. Therefore, any average shift that significantly deviates from zero would indicate a dependence on the independent variable ( Fig. 1… | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | the preceding-auditory-trial condition serves as the control that a general response bias would also have produced, and it shows nothing | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | an unmeasured variable - whether the two stimuli were perceived as one event - is recovered indirectly from the spatial judgments themselves Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | the cutoff defining that inferred variable is disclosed as arbitrary and checked for robustness Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[8] |
| mechanism | the decay of the effect is traced by stepping back through the trial history rather than by a separate experiment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[9] |
| mechanism | accumulation is measured by finding runs of consecutive same-direction discrepancies that the randomisation happened to produce Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[10] |
| mechanism | the paper names the possibility that its own randomised design created the plasticity it reports Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[11] |
| mechanism | the stability objection is answered by the unity dependence: large shifts happen only when the signals are taken to share a source, which is when a discrepancy implies a real error Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[12] |
| builds-on | Wozny et al., 2010 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| extends | McLaughlin, 1967; Redding and Wallace, 2003; Thoroughman et al., 2007 (motor adaptation) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| contradicts | Hofman et al., 1998; Zwiers et al., 2003 (sensory recalibration as slow, long-term adjustment) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| contradicts | the accumulation hypothesis, that recalibration requires repeated and consistent evidence of error before engaging Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| critiques | the inference from absent evidence to the accumulation account, which the field had made implicitly Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| extends | ventriloquist-aftereffect studies using hundreds or thousands of exposures at a fixed discrepancy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| contradicts | the view that spatial and temporal maps are foundational and therefore stable Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| supports | reliability-weighted accounts of cross-modal dominance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| builds-on | motor adaptation studies showing recalibration within a few trials of induced error Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[8] |
| sense | recalibration - as a slow developmental or post-injury repair process versus as a continuously running self-maintenance mechanism; the paper moves the term from the first to the second Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | the shift in perceived sound location - as a bias toward the absolute location of the seen stimulus versus as a shift of the auditory map in the direction of the discrepancy; the two coincide on most trials and are separated only on a designed subset Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | bias - response bias at the decision level versus perceptual bias as a prior expectation; the data cannot separate them Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | perception versus learning - a distinction the result is said to blur, since a single 35 ms exposure changes a perceptual map Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | adaptation - motor, where an error signal is directly fed back, versus sensory, where one modality must serve as the teacher Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | why vision teaches audition - because its estimates are more reliable here, or because it holds the teacher role regardless of signal quality; two senses of a modality being dominant Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| control | stimulus position along the azimuth was randomised across trials — held — rules out that a shift in reported location is a response bias built up over an ordered sequence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| control | the size of the shift was examined as a function of audiovisual discrepancy, including the largest discrepancies — held — rules out that the recalibration is ordinary visual capture - at large discrepancies visual bias should fall away, and the shift does not Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| differs in | Hofman et al., 1998; Zwiers et al., 2003 (sensory recalibration as slow, long-term adjustment) — the timescale: SENSORY RECALIBRATION HAS TRADITIONALLY BEEN REGARDED AS A PROCESS FOR ADJUSTING TO LONG-TERM CHANGES SUCH AS THOSE OCCURRING DURING DEVELOPMENT OR AFTER A PERMANENT DAMAGE FROM INJURY OR STROKE - against a single-trial effect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| differs in | the accumulation hypothesis, that recalibration requires repeated and consistent evidence of error before engaging — when the mechanism engages, stated by the paper as a numbered pair: (1) A MECHANISM THAT BECOMES ENGAGED FROM THE ONSET OF EXPOSURE TO THE DISCREPANCY; AND (2) A MECHANISM THAT REQUIRES ACCUMULATION OF EVIDENCE OF ERROR IN THE FORM OF REPEATED AND CONSISTENT DISCREPANCY BEFORE IT BECOMES ENGAGED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| differs in | the inference from absent evidence to the accumulation account, which the field had made implicitly — THE AXIS IS AN ABSENCE OF EVIDENCE ACTING AS SUPPORT. 'To date, the lack of evidence for fast recalibration has implicitly favored the latter hypothesis.' Nobody argued for the slow account on its merits - it won by default because the fast one had not been demonstrated, and the paper names that as the reason the field believes what it believes. A 'critiques' records a dispute with a hypothesis and drops that THE SUPPORT WAS NEVER POSITIVE. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| differs in | the view that spatial and temporal maps are foundational and therefore stable — whether the map is expected to move at all: SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL MAPS ARE CONSIDERED FOUNDATIONAL TO ALL PERCEPTUAL PROCESSES AND ARE EXPECTED TO BE FAIRLY STABLE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| audit | ventriloquist aftereffect —is-a→ cross-sensory recalibration — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span names the 'ventriloquist aftereffect'; 'sensory recalibration' is named in the previous sentences, 'cross-sensory recalibration' nowhere. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| weight | ventriloquist aftereffect —is-a→ cross-sensory recalibration — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| audit | response bias —distinct-from→ perceptual bias — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the bias 'could reflect' either a response or a perceptual bias; distinct-from is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| weight | response bias —distinct-from→ perceptual bias — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| audit | reliability —causes→ teaching signal — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but 'It seems that' vision provided the teaching signal because it was more reliable; hedged. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| weight | reliability —causes→ teaching signal — 0.75 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| audit | plastic state —causes→ cross-sensory recalibration — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but it is 'conceivable' that a plastic state raised the rate of recalibration; hedged. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| weight | plastic state —causes→ cross-sensory recalibration — 0.7 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| note | auditory–visual discrepancy —causes→ auditory localization — RE-GROUNDS another row of this record. The span always stated the relation; the endpoint names did not match its words. 'normalised' maps them onto the concepts the record already has. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| relation | auditory–visual discrepancy —causes→ auditory localization — the shift in where a sound is heard is DRIVEN BY the preceding audio-visual mismatch Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| weight | auditory–visual discrepancy —causes→ auditory localization — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the perceptual interpretation of the visual bias: a response-level account CANNOT BE RULED OUT, though previous sound position had no effect on the current auditory response Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the hemifield result specifically: IT IS NOT CLEAR WHETHER THIS REFLECTS A MIDLINE BOUNDARY or something else - the effect does not transfer across hemifields Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — any claim resting on perceived unity: it was inferred from spatial judgements rather than reported by the observers Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the time course of recalibration: FUTURE STUDIES SHOULD FURTHER EXPLORE THE DYNAMICS OF RECALIBRATION ... WITH LARGER SAMPLE SIZES AND ADDITIONAL NUMBER OF REPETITIONS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the perceptual interpretation of the visual-location bias: a general response bias explanation is LESS LIKELY; HOWEVER, THIS EXPLANATION CANNOT BE RULED OUT Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the reliability-weighting account of why vision teaches audition: ONE MODALITY (E.G., VISION) [may] ENJOY THE HARDWIRED STATUS OF TEACHER REGARDLESS OF THE QUALITY OF THE SIGNAL AT ANY GIVEN TIME Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the recalibration rate reported here: EXPOSURE TO RANDOMLY VARYING DISCREPANCIES ACROSS TRIALS IN THIS EXPERIMENT INDUCED THE NERVOUS SYSTEM TO ENTER A 'PLASTIC STATE', THUS RESULTING [in] A HIGHER RATE OF RECALIBRATION THAN USUAL Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the plateau in the shift: it COULD BE DUE TO A HARDWIRED CAP ON THE DEGREE OF CHANGE IN THESE BASIC MAPS, OR ALTERNATIVELY, DUE TO A SLOWING DOWN OF THE LEARNING RATE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[2] - perception of unity was never asked for and had to be inferred from the spatial responses Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| replication | untested | |
| no type for this | perception → learning — NO BOUNDARY CAN BE DRAWN - the CONCEPTUAL form of the negative relation / This is a claim about the concepts themselves, not about this study's data. No edge type can express it: all eight assert that a relation HOLDS. Four words that dissolve a boundary two literatures are built on. There is nowhere in the schema for a FINDING WHOSE CONTENT IS THAT A DISTINCTION IS LESS SHARP THAN ASSUMED. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[0] |
| limitation | A response-level (rather than perceptual) account of the visual bias cannot be ruled out. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The reason the effect fails to cross the midline is undetermined. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | Perceived unity was inferred from spatial judgements rather than reported by observers. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | The trajectory of recalibration over repeated exposures needs a dedicated, larger and blocked design. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | the visual-location bias cannot be shown to be perceptual rather than a decision-level response bias Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | why vision teaches audition and not the reverse is undecided between reliability weighting and a fixed teacher role Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | the randomly varying discrepancies may themselves have induced an unusually plastic state Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | whether the shift is capped or the learning rate slows is not resolved Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | perception of unity was never asked for and had to be inferred from the responses Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | A single exposure of a few milliseconds to a spatially discrepant sound and flash shifted where the next isolated sound was heard. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | The shift followed the sign and size of the audio-visual discrepancy rather than the absolute position of the seen stimulus, identifying it as recalibration of the auditory map rather than a bias toward the visual location. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Separately from recalibration, auditory localisation was pulled toward the absolute position of the visual stimulus presented on the preceding unisensory visual trial. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | The position of a preceding unisensory auditory stimulus had no significant effect on the current auditory judgement, arguing against a simple response bias. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Recalibration was larger after audio-visual trials perceived as coming from one source, suggesting perceived unity influences the size of the shift. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Repeating discrepancies in the same direction accumulated a progressively larger shift, but at a decelerating rate, implying a decreasing learning rate rather than a fixed step. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | The recalibration was one-directional: no corresponding shift of the visual spatial map by sound was detectable. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | The effect weakened the further back in the trial history the audio-visual exposure lay, because intervening discrepancies pushed in other directions. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | auditory localisation shifted significantly with the location of the visual stimulus on the preceding trial Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | no significant effect followed the location of a preceding auditory trial Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | the audiovisual discrepancy on the preceding trial significantly shifted auditory localisation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | on the subset where the two accounts predict opposite directions, the shift followed the discrepancy and not the absolute visual location Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | recalibration followed a single presentation of a few milliseconds, with no feedback or reinforcement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | the shift was larger when the preceding audiovisual pair had been perceived as one event Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | the effect degraded the further back in the trial history the preceding audiovisual trial lay Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | the shift grew with the number of consecutive same-direction discrepancies Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | no shift of the visual spatial map was found, so the teaching relation is one-directional Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | a single exposure produced a significant, sizable shift of about 5% in the spatial map Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | auditory localisation was about 2.4 times as variable as visual localisation, 6.0 against 2.5 degrees Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | even the smallest discrepancy tested, 6.5 degrees, shifted the subsequent percept Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| quantity | n = 146 — number of observers tested Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 35 ms — duration of the auditory (and visual) stimulus, i.e. the entire exposure that produced recalibration Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 0 to ± 26° — range of audio-visual spatial discrepancy produced by the five speaker and five visual locations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 5% — size of the auditory map shift after a single exposure, as a fraction of the experienced discrepancy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 6.5° — smallest audio-visual discrepancy tested that still produced a shift in the subsequent auditory percept Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 6.0° — average standard deviation of unisensory auditory localisation responses Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 2.5° — average standard deviation of unisensory visual localisation responses, i.e. vision was the more reliable modality Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | p = 0.000 — significance of the effect of preceding visual location on the auditory shift Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 35 ms — duration of the auditory and visual stimuli, and so of the single exposure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | n = 146 — observers Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | 0 to ± 26° — range of audiovisual spatial discrepancy across conditions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | 6.0° against 2.5° — average response standard deviation, auditory against visual Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| quantity | 5% — shift in the spatial map after a single exposure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[12] |
| quantity | 6.5° — the smallest discrepancy that still produced a shift Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[13] |
| quantity | 0.5° and 6° — the cutoffs separating post-unity from post-independence trials Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[14] |
| variable | spatial discrepancy (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | type of stimuli (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | shift in perceived auditory location (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | position along the azimuth (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | shift in perceived auditory location Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| variable | AV spatial discrepancy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| variable | perception of unity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| variable | number of repeated exposures Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[9] |
| definition | cross-sensory recalibration Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | ventriloquist aftereffect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | cross-sensory recalibration Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | ventriloquist aftereffect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | shift in perceived auditory location Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | perception of unity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| key-terms | cross-sensory recalibration, ventriloquist aftereffect, auditory spatial map, AV discrepancy, response bias, perceptual bias, perception of unity, teaching signal, self-supervised learning, motor adaptation, sensorimotor adaptation, working memory, plastic state, learning rate, reliability, unisensory, bisensory, spatial localization, Kruskal–Wallis, Bonferroni–Holm, azimuth, multisensory |
| concept | ventriloquist aftereffect — not defined in this paper's own words; the shift of perceived sound location toward previously experienced discrepant visual stimuli Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[1] |
| concept | auditory–visual discrepancy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[16] |
| concept | auditory localization Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[17] |
| Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA by ranks p | as written: Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA by ranks test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| Wilcoxon signed-rank test α | as written: two-sided Wilcoxon signed rank test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| multiple-comparison correction | as written: Bonferroni–Holm correction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| standard deviation SD | as written: an average SD Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| standard error of the mean SEM | as written: mean ± SEM. across observers Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| linear regression p | as written: fitted well by a straight line with a positive slope Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA by ranks test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| two-sided Wilcoxon signed rank test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| Bonferroni–Holm correction | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| SD | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| claim type | existence — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: existence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | re-analysis of a spatial localisation dataset in which pseudorandom interleaving of 35 auditory, visual and audiovisual conditions makes each auditory trial's predecessor an unplanned single-exposure manipulation — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: behavioural-experiment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | cross-sensory recalibration of auditory space by vision - the ventriloquist aftereffect, at single-trial timescale — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: visual recalibration of auditory space Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
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