phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | decision making process in economic experiments— “Investigating the neurophysiological signals of experiment participants can give researchers a deeper insight into a decision making process.” | |
| claim-type | method— “The proposed analysis could allow for the better design of economic experiments conducted with the use of the most up-to date technology available.” | |
| method — evidence | — “The research was conducted with the use of literature review method, according to a procedure consisting of five main stages:” | |
| transfer | from cognitive neuroscience / neuroimaging: brain and body measurement techniques (fMRI, EEG, fNIRS, galvanic skin response, heart rate, eye-tracking) are taken over into the design of economic experiments on decision making— “The aim of the article is to show how neuroscience techniques can contribute to economic experiments, especially those concerning decision making. The overview and presentation of the possibilities of such tools is shown regarding different stages of the decision making process and related experimental studies.” | transfers[0] |
| mechanism | measuring neurophysiological activity bypasses the self-report distortions (demand characteristics, participants' limited insight) that mask the true mechanisms of choice— “By measuring the neurophysiological activity of the subjects, researchers hope to bypass such problems as a lack of insight into the true mechanisms of choice (Ariely, Berns, 2010).” | mechanisms[0] |
| builds-on | Simon's (1960, 1977) three-phase model of the decision-making process— “A general decision-making process proposed by Simon (1960, 1977) involves three main phases: Intelligence, Design, and Choice.” | claim_relations[0] |
| sense | decision-making phases - Simon's naming: Intelligence, Design and Choice— “A general decision-making process proposed by Simon (1960, 1977) involves three main phases: Intelligence, Design, and Choice.” | senses[0] |
| sense | decision-making phases - the same three stages under a different naming convention: Identification, Development and Selection— “propose slightly different terms to name these stages: Identification, Development and Selection. Despite the differences in naming convention, these three following stages of the decision making process consist of very similar activities.” | senses[1] |
| sense | Cognitive neuroscience - multidisciplinary study of mind combining psychology and neurobiology with philosophy, linguistics, and other fields— “Cognitive neuroscience is a new and rapidly developing field of multidisciplinary research. It brings together many different scientific domains, chiefly psychology and neurobiology, but also philosophy, linguistics and many other sciences that incorporate the study of the mind in their programs” | senses[2] |
| sense | Cognitive-neuroscience techniques - brain neuroimaging, neurophysiology, nerve-cell examination, and neuropsychology | senses[3] |
| sense | Neuroimaging - methods for studying brain structure and function through electrical, magnetic, or indirect tomographic measures Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | EEG - scalp-electrode measurement of brain electrical activity with high temporal resolution Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| sense | fMRI - inference of regional brain activity from oxygen delivery Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[6] |
| sense | fNIRS - non-invasive optical estimation of cortical activity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[7] |
| sense | Neurophysiological techniques - correlating brain functions with physiological sensations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[8] |
| sense | GSR measurement - detecting electrical skin changes, usually on the hand or fingers Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[9] |
| sense | Eye-tracking - detecting eye position, gaze direction, movement sequence, and visual adaptation during cognition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[10] |
| sense | Decision process - the path from awareness of a decision problem to a final solution among alternatives Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[11] |
| sense | Intelligence / Identification - gathering and processing information to diagnose decision needs and formulate alternatives Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[12] |
| sense | Design / Development - identifying courses of action and testing likely outcomes against decision needs or goals Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[13] |
| sense | Choice / Selection - judging and choosing among alternatives identified earlier Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[14] |
| edge | Intelligence —renamed-across-fields→ Identification Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the topic distribution of neuroeconomic experiments as reflecting what matters most: the paper attributes the restriction to individual humans to the recording method and the equipment needed, and lists the resulting dominant trends immediately after Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | The review deliberately covers only recent contributions, restricting the literature searched to the previous ten years. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | Only three of the decision-process phases are considered; the implementation phase is excluded as not a mental task. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The equipment's recording requirements confine the research mostly to individual humans. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Because of how the data are recorded and the equipment needed, this research is limited mostly to questions about individual human beings. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | EEG's very good temporal resolution makes it the tool of choice for tracking how brain activity changes over time and for analysing reactions to external stimuli. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | fMRI shows how much oxygen is delivered to specific parts of the brain, from which their activity is deduced. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | fMRI buys very good spatial resolution at the price of an examination procedure that is cumbersome for the participant. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Neurophysiological measurement can be more faithful to what participants actually do than self-report measures are. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Substantial brain information processes that determine economic decisions are not easily observed through behavioural research methods. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | These studies confirm that brain activity causally affects economic choice beyond environmental factors. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Neuroscience techniques may reveal fundamental principles of decision making not considered relevant in traditional economic research. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | Every later model of the decision process still contains Simon's three phases of intelligence, design and choice, differing only in naming and in how finely the phases are split. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | Behavioural evidence shows some deviations from expected utility theory, but only cognitive neuroscience could offer explanations of why people are less rational than assumed. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | The decision-making and cognitive neuroscience literatures have focused especially on the final phase, evaluation and choice, the most intensively studied to date. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | The cost of the specialised equipment, fMRI above all, is one of the practical obstacles to using neuroscience in economic experiments. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | A single cognitive neuroscience experiment yields an enormous amount of neurophysiological data, which forces the use of very sophisticated analysis methods. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| quantity | 650–1000 nm — the infrared wavelength window whose low absorption by biological tissue fNIRS exploits to estimate cortical activity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| definition | decision-making process Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | neuroimaging Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | electroencephalography (EEG) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | fNIRS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | neurophysiological techniques Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | GSR measurement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | eye-tracking (ET) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| concept | decision making process Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[0] |
| concept | Intelligence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[1] |
| concept | Identification Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[2] |
| concept | Cognitive neuroscience — not defined in this paper's own words; a multidisciplinary field combining psychology, neurobiology, philosophy, linguistics, and other sciences of mind Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[3] |
| concept | techniques of cognitive neuroscience — not defined in this paper's own words; a four-group family comprising brain neuroimaging, neurophysiology, individual-nerve-cell examination, and neuropsychology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[4] |
| concept | Neuroimaging — not defined in this paper's own words; methods for studying brain structure and function through electrophysiological, magnetophysiological, or tomographic measurements Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[5] |
| concept | EEG — not defined in this paper's own words; measurement of scalp-recorded electrical brain activity with strong temporal resolution Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[6] |
| concept | fMRI — not defined in this paper's own words; inferring regional brain activity from delivered oxygen Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[7] |
| concept | functional near-infrared spectroscopy — not defined in this paper's own words; non-invasive optical estimation of cortical activity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[8] |
| concept | Neurophysiological techniques — not defined in this paper's own words; methods correlating brain functions with physiological sensations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[9] |
| concept | GSR measurement — not defined in this paper's own words; detection of electrical skin changes, usually on the hand or fingers Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[10] |
| concept | Eye-tracking — not defined in this paper's own words; measurement of eye position, gaze direction, movement sequence, and visual adaptation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[11] |
| concept | decision process — not defined in this paper's own words; the process from awareness of a decision problem to a final solution among alternatives Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[12] |
| concept | Design — not defined in this paper's own words; decision phase that identifies courses of action and evaluates likely outcomes against goals Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[13] |
| concept | Development — not defined in this paper's own words; Mintzberg, Raisinghani, and Theoret's name corresponding to Simon's Design phase Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[14] |
| concept | Choice — not defined in this paper's own words; decision phase in which decision-makers judge and choose among identified alternatives Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[15] |
| concept | Selection — not defined in this paper's own words; Mintzberg, Raisinghani, and Theoret's name corresponding to Simon's Choice phase Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[16] |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
· back to index
· concepts · authors
· עברית
© 2026 Shir Sivroni · ORCID 0009-0000-2597-2824