phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | the accumulation of non-biodegradable plastic waste in landfills and the natural environment— “The vast majority of monomers used to make plastics, such as ethylene and propylene, are derived from fossil hydrocarbons. None of the commonly used plastics are biodegradable. As a result, they accumulate, rather than decompose, in landfills or the natural environment” | |
| claim-type | existence— “We estimate that 8300 million metric tons (Mt) as of virgin plastics have been produced to date. As of 2015, approximately 6300 Mt of plastic waste had been generated, around 9% of which had been recycled, 12% was incinerated, and 79% was accumulated in landfills or the natural environment.” | |
| method — evidence | — “We combined plastic production data with product lifetime distributions for eight different industrial use sectors, or product categories, to model how long plastics are in use before they reach the end of their useful lifetimes and are discarded” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “By identifying and synthesizing dispersed data on production, use, and end-of-life management of polymer resins, synthetic fibers, and additives, we present the first global analysis of all mass-produced plastics ever manufactured.” | |
| research question — evidence | — “Plastics have outgrown most man-made materials and have long been under environmental scrutiny. However, robust global information, particularly about their end-of-life fate, is lacking.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “By identifying and synthesizing dispersed data on production, use, and end-of-life management of polymer resins, synthetic fibers, and additives, we present the first global analysis of all mass-produced plastics ever manufactured.” | |
| mechanism | NON-BIODEGRADABILITY CONVERTS PRODUCTION DIRECTLY INTO STOCK: because none of the commonly used plastics biodegrade, waste accumulates rather than decomposes, so every tonne made is still somewhere unless it was burned— “The vast majority of monomers used to make plastics, such as ethylene and propylene, are derived from fossil hydrocarbons. None of the commonly used plastics are biodegradable. As a result, they accumulate, rather than decompose, in landfills or the natural environment” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | THE ONLY PERMANENT SINK IS THERMAL DESTRUCTION - combustion or pyrolysis. Recycling and landfill both keep the material in the system, which is why the accounting has an ever-growing discarded stock— “The only way to permanently eliminate plastic waste is by destructive thermal treatment, such as combustion or pyrolysis.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | RECYCLING ONLY REDUCES FUTURE WASTE IF IT DISPLACES PRIMARY PRODUCTION, and whether it does is counterfactual and so extremely difficult to establish - the mechanism is stated together with the reason it cannot be measured— “Recycling delays, rather than avoids, final disposal. It reduces future plastic waste generation only if it displaces primary plastic production ( _30_); however, because of its counterfactual nature, this displacement is extremely difficult to establish” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | MIXING AND CONTAMINATION DEGRADE THE SECONDARY MATERIAL, so recycled plastic is of limited or low technical and economic value and cannot simply substitute for virgin material— “Furthermore, contamination and the mixing of polymer types generate secondary plastics of limited or low technical and economic value.” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | SUNLIGHT FRAGMENTS RATHER THAN DEGRADES: weathering breaks the material into millimetre and micrometre particles without biodegrading it, which is where microplastics come from— “None of the mass-produced plastics biodegrade in any meaningful way; however, sunlight weakens the materials, causing fragmentation into particles known to reach millimeters or micrometers in size” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | THE PROPERTY THAT MAKES PLASTIC USEFUL IS THE PROPERTY THAT MAKES IT PERSIST - durability and resistance to degradation are the same fact described from two sides, so the problem is not a defect in the material but its purpose— “The same properties that make plastics so versatile in innumerable applications—durability and resistance to degradation—make these materials difficult or impossible for nature to assimilate.” | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | PRODUCT LIFETIME DECOUPLES WASTE FROM PRODUCTION IN TIME: packaging leaves use the year it is made while construction plastic leaving use today was made decades ago, when volumes were far lower - so the waste stream's composition is not the production stream's— “Most of the packaging plastics leave use the same year they are produced, whereas construction plastics leaving use were produced decades earlier, when production quantities were much lower.” | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | THE SHIFT FROM REUSABLE TO SINGLE-USE CONTAINERS DROVE PACKAGING, the largest market, and packaging is the shortest-lived sector - so the market that grew fastest is the one that becomes waste soonest | mechanisms[7] |
| confirms | Jambeck et al.'s independently derived estimate of plastic waste generation, which this model reproduces to within 1 Mt (274 against 275 Mt for 2010) | claim_relations[0] |
| distinguishes-from | the direct method of combining solid waste generation data with waste characterization, which the authors could not use because the data are not available at the required detail and quality for many countries | claim_relations[1] |
| sense | primary plastics - IN THIS PAPER, PLASTIC MADE FROM VIRGIN MATERIAL, defined against `secondary` (recycled) rather than against any chemical property. The whole flow model turns on the distinction, because recycled material re-enters the use phase and would otherwise be counted twice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | recycling - EXPLICITLY A DELAY, NOT AN AVOIDANCE. The paper defines it by what it does to the flow: material returns to use and reaches final disposal later, and it only reduces future waste if it displaces primary production - which the paper says is extremely difficult to establish because the claim is counterfactual Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | plastic waste `fate` - A THREE-WAY EXHAUSTIVE PARTITION used as the model's accounting identity: recycled, thermally destroyed, or discarded. It is a bookkeeping category, not an environmental one - `discarded` covers both a sanitary landfill and the open ocean Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| control | the model's 2010 estimate was checked against an independently derived published estimate and matched it to within 1 Mt — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out the possibility that the whole material-flow model is mis-specified - an independently derived published estimate for 2010 agrees to within 1 Mt (274 against 275) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| control | sensitivity analysis on product lifetimes: moving every category's mean by 1 SD moves cumulative primary waste generation by -4/+5% — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out product lifetime assumptions as the driver of the headline totals - moving every category's mean by a full SD moves cumulative primary waste generation only -4/+5% Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| control | sensitivity analysis on waste management rates: moving incineration and recycling by 5 percentage points moves cumulative discarded waste by -8/+6% — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out waste-management rates as the driver of the discarded-plastic total - moving incineration and recycling by 5 percentage points moves it only -8/+6% Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[2] |
| control | the 2050 lines are declared forward projections of historical trends and NOT a prediction or forecast - the authors refuse the reading their own figure invites — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out the reading that the 12,000 Mt-by-2050 figure is a forecast - it is declared a forward projection of historical trends and explicitly not a prediction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[3] |
| control | results are rounded to the nearest 100 Mt because the analysis is subject to considerable uncertainty - the precision of the reported number is itself chosen to match the uncertainty — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out false precision - rounding to the nearest 100 Mt stops a reader treating the reported digits as resolved when the analysis carries considerable uncertainty Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[4] |
| control | additives production data are not publicly available and were bought from market research companies, then cross-checked for consistency — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out a single commercial source being wrong or self-serving on the additives figures, which are not publicly available - they were cross-checked between providers Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[5] |
| audit | recycling —distinct-from→ final disposal — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says recycling delays rather than avoids disposal; distinct-from is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| weight | recycling —distinct-from→ final disposal — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| audit | product lifetime distributions —operationalised-as→ log-normal distributions — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but endpoint by anaphora: the log-normal distributions are the product lifetime distributions (previous sentence). Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| weight | product lifetime distributions —operationalised-as→ log-normal distributions — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| weight | additives —part-of→ plastics — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| audit | monomers —part-of→ plastics — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but monomers are used to make plastics; part-of is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| weight | monomers —part-of→ plastics — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[2] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[3] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[4] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[5] |
| evidential status | mechanism — because of its counterfactual nature, this displacement is extremely difficult to establish Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[2] |
| limitation | the two largest sources of uncertainty are named: product-category lifetime distributions, and incineration and recycling rates outside Europe and the US Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | waste management data were sparse and of poor quality in many world regions, which is why the sensitivity analysis was run Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | the additives-to-polymer fraction and the sector breakdowns are known only for 2000-2014 and were assumed constant back to 1950 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | bio-based and biodegradable plastics are excluded from the analysis entirely, at a stated global capacity of 4 Mt Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | the more direct measurement route - solid waste generation combined with waste characterization - was unavailable at the required detail and quality for many countries Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | end-of-life textiles are assumed to be incinerated and discarded with municipal solid waste, on the ground that there is no significant fiber recycling Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | the environmental impact of plastic waste in land-based ecosystems is stated to be largely unknown, in contrast to the marine and freshwater literature Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | fiber and additives production data are not readily available and had typically been omitted from previous analyses - which is the gap this paper fills and also the weakest part of its own inputs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | recycling delays rather than avoids final disposal, and reduces future waste only if it displaces primary production - which is counterfactual and extremely difficult to establish Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | The durability and resistance to degradation that make plastics versatile also make them hard or impossible for nature to assimilate. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | US plastic recycling has been flat at 9% since 2012 while Europe reached 30% and China 25% in 2014 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | the share of plastics in municipal solid waste by mass rose from under 1% in 1960 to over 10% by 2005 in middle- and high-income countries Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| quantity | 8300 Mt of virgin plastics produced to date; 6300 Mt of plastic waste generated as of 2015, 9% recycled, 12% incinerated, 79% accumulated — Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | roughly 12,000 Mt of plastic waste in landfills or the natural environment by 2050 if trends continue — Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | production rose from 2 Mt in 1950 to 380 Mt in 2015, a CAGR of 8.4%, about 2.5 times the CAGR of global GDP over the same period — Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 7800 Mt of resins and fibers made 1950-2015, half of it in the last 13 years — Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 2500 Mt (30% of all plastics ever produced) still in use; 4900 Mt (60%) discarded and accumulating — Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | nonfiber plastics are 93% polymer resin and 7% additives by mass — Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | seven polymer groups account for 92% of all plastics ever made — Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | China accounts for 28% of global resin and 68% of global PP&A fiber production — Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | only 10% of recycled plastic has been recycled more than once — Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| variable | Global recycling Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | incineration rates Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| concept | plastics Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[0] |
| concept | polymer resins Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[1] |
| concept | synthetic fibers Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[2] |
| concept | additives Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[3] |
| concept | material flow model Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[4] |
| concept | primary plastics Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[5] |
| concept | secondary plastics Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[6] |
| concept | recycling Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[7] |
| concept | incineration Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[8] |
| concept | discard rate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[9] |
| concept | final disposal Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[10] |
| concept | microplastics Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[11] |
| concept | packaging Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[12] |
| concept | product lifetime distributions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[13] |
| concept | log-normal distributions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[14] |
| concept | sensitivity analysis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[15] |
| concept | pyrolysis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[16] |
| concept | monomers Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[17] |
| concept | landfills Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[18] |
| concept | municipal solid waste Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[19] |
| concept | PP&A fibers Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[20] |
| concept | CAGR Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[21] |
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] | |
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] | |
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
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