Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films — TEI-tagged view

K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, et al. · 2004 · materials-science · doi:10.1126/science.1102896 · full text at the source · TEI xml · tagged edition · index · concepts · authors
Where this record's text came from. faceted 2026-08 by reading the locally held text (pdftext); every evidence string verified as an exact substring of that text before merging. method is a fabrication-plus-transport-measurement experiment; 'laboratory-experiment' is my label since the suggested list has no physics-experiment term (the paper also states 'We have studied more than 60 devices with d <10 nm.'). The prior belief that this paper overturns is stated verbatim as 'Planar graphene itself has so far been presumed not to exist in the free state, being rather unstable with respect to the formation of curved structures such as soot, fullerenes and nanotubes [5-14].' I recorded only one claim_relation: the paper's other comparisons to prior work (agreement with mobilities in intercalated graphite [5]; the statement that no metal or semimetal had shown a >1% field effect [4]) are framed as context rather than as an explicit relation of this paper to a named study. The extracted text contains OCR-joined words and a typo in the source ('meterial', 'twodimensional', 'roomtemperature', 'linear energy 2 dispersion' with a stray page number), preserved verbatim. 2026-08-14 and 2026-08-25 schema-0.3 passes: every quote verified as an exact substring of the staged text and anchored at merge time; concept terms verified present; every edge endpoint an existing node. Update, 15 September 2026: EXCEPTION, measured with the merge gate's own predicate (Paper.locate): 1 quote(s) on this record are not found as one exact string in the current staged text - content_tags.quantities[2].evidence. The sentence above does not hold for them as written. Where a row records why - the quote is grounded in another copy of the paper, joins two passages with an ellipsis, or differs from the staged text by extraction noise - that note stays on the row.
The quality of the text these quotes were cut from. symbol-font-not-extractable: 1 '(cid:NNN)' glyph-index markers remain in a staged text of 12,846 characters, where the PDF's embedded font had no ToUnicode map. THE QUOTES ON THIS RECORD ARE THE PAPER'S AND THE STAGED COPY IS THE DAMAGED ONE - which is the opposite of the usual case and is why it went unnoticed: one of its 39 live quotes is not an exact substring of this text, and it could NOT be located in it even by aligning the quote's WORD SEQUENCE under this damage, so the defect recorded here is present on the record but does not by itself account for the miss. Not repaired in place: editing the staged text moves every offset after the edit and re-hashes every anchor on the record. Measured at 113aae60fefc3eb1, re-measured unchanged at 54b63482778ddf56.
1 quote on this page was cut from a different copy of this article. This project holds two extractions of this paper: the plain text every other quote here is anchored in, and the publisher’s own HTML edition, which we are not licensed to republish. It is verbatim in the second and cannot be found in the first — not because the tagging is wrong, but because the extraction damaged the passage: a page number dropped into the middle of a number, a formula moved out of its sentence, a ligature where two letters belong. The record names the copy for each one. The quote is the paper’s; the extraction is not.
Other fields define these differently the same word, defined another way in another discipline
atoms 2 fields · graphene 2 fields · two-dimensional 2 fields
Tags on this paper every tag the record carries, whether or not the words occur in the text below — a number is how many papers in the corpus carry that tag; a tag with no number is unique to this paper
graphene6 two-dimensional material2 field effect charge carrier mobility2 few-layer graphene 2D semimetal band overlap carrier mobilities experiment113
Method, as described: laboratory-experiment

Our tag layer for this paper

Cross-disciplinary analysis
content-tags & facets: phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text
phenomenonambipolar electric field effect in few-layer graphene— “The films are found to be a twodimensional semimetal with a tiny overlap between valence and conductance bands and to exhibit a strong ambipolar electric-field effect such that electrons and holes in concentrations up to 1013cm-2 and with roomtemperature mobilities ≈10,000 cm2/Vs can be induced by applying gate voltage.”
claim-typeexistence— “Here we report the electric field effect in a naturally occurring two-dimensional (2D) meterial that we refer to as few-layer graphene (FLG).”
method — evidence— “The reported graphene films were made by mechanical exfoliation (repeated peeling) of small mesas of highly-oriented pyrolytic graphite as described in the supporting online material [15].”
mechanismatomically-thin (few-layer) graphene is stable and metallic under ambient conditions, and its carrier density is tunable by an electric field (ambipolar field effect), enabling ballistic transport— “monocrystalline graphitic films, which are just a few atoms thick but nonetheless stable under ambient conditions, metallic and of remarkably high quality”mechanisms[0]
contradicts the prior consensus (refs 5-14) that planar graphene cannot exist in the free state— “Contrary to the common belief, we have been able to prepare graphitic sheets of thicknesses down to a few atomic layers, including single layer graphene, and succeeded in making devices from them and studying their electronic properties.”claim_relations[0]
sensegraphene - A NAME IN USE BEFORE ITS REFERENT EXISTED: a hypothetical single layer, employed to describe the properties of graphite, fullerenes and nanotubes, while planar graphene itself was presumed not to exist in the free state— “This hypothetical material is widely used to describe properties of many carbon-based materials, including graphite, large…senses[0]
sensegraphene - AS MEASURED IN THIS PAPER: few-layer graphene, devices of one, two or three atomic layers pooled together, which is not the sense the word now carries
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
senses[1]
sensecarrier mobility - MEASURED TWO INDEPENDENT WAYS AND AGREEING: from the field effect and from magnetoresistance, which is the rarer and stronger case of two operationalisations converging
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
senses[2]
controlthe observed reduction in the energy gap checked against the theoretical expectation that single-layer graphene is a zero-gap semiconductor — held — rules out the measured gap being an artefact of the film thickness or the substrate rather than the band structure the paper is claiming
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
controls[0]
auditfew-layer graphene —is-a→ 2D semimetal — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'FLG'; endpoint abbreviated.
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
concept_edges[0]
edgecarrier mobilities —operationalised-as→ field effect
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
concept_edges[1]
duplicate ofconcept — concepts[2]
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
concepts[8]
outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation)control — heldcontrols[0]
for which uselimitation — the observed gate-voltage shift: THIS SHIFT COULD BE DUE TO AN UNINTENTIONAL DOPING OF THE FILMS BY ABSORBED GAS MOLECULES
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
limitations[0]
for which uselimitation — the same scope as limitations[0] - the zero-gate-voltage hole doping may be adsorbate, not intrinsic
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
limitations[1]
for which uselimitation — the free-electron description of the transport data: GRAPHENE IS EXPECTED TO HAVE THE LINEAR ENERGY DISPERSION AND CARRIERS WITH ZERO MASS, AND THE REASON WHY THE OBSERVED BEHAVIOR IS SO WELL DESCRIBED BY THE SIMPLEST FREE-ELE[ctron model is unclear] - the fit is unexplained, not the failure
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
limitations[2]
for which uselimitation — the device application claim: GRAPHENE TRANSISTORS SHOW A RATHER MODEST ON-OFF RESISTANCE RATIO ... BUT THIS IS A FUNDAMENTAL LIMITATION FOR ANY MAT[erial without a gap]
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
limitations[3]
for which uselimitation — the band overlap reported here as a property of the material: it varied from 4 to 20 meV across samples, which the authors attribute to a different number of graphene layers involved, inferred rather than independently established
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
limitations[4]
for which uselimitation — the mobility figure quoted from this paper: measured values varied from sample to sample between 3,000 and 10,000, and were practically independent of temperature, which the authors read as still being limited by scattering on defects
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
limitations[5]
for which uselimitation — these results as measurements of single-layer graphene: the reported devices contained just 1, 2 or 3 atomic layers and all of them are reported as exhibiting essentially identical electronic properties
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limitations[6]
replicationuntested
limitationan observed shift could be due to unintentional doping by absorbed gas molecules
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limitations[0]
limitationThe zero-gate-voltage hole doping may be an artefact of adsorbed gas molecules rather than intrinsic.
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
limitations[1]
limitationThe authors cannot explain why the measured behaviour fits a simple free-electron model when graphene is expected to have linear dispersion and massless carriers.
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limitations[2]
limitationThe transistor's on-off resistance ratio is modest and this is a fundamental limit for a gapless material.
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limitations[3]
limitationThe devices differ in the one variable that defines the material - the number of layers - and that number is inferred from the measurement rather than known.
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limitations[4]
limitationThe headline mobility is the top of a sample-to-sample range, and mobility is stated to be limited by defect scattering rather than intrinsic.
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
limitations[5]
limitationWhat is measured is few-layer graphene of one, two or three atomic layers reported together, not single-layer graphene.
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limitations[6]
Content tags
content-observations: finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text
findingThe films are a two-dimensional semimetal with a tiny band overlap and a strong ambipolar electric-field effect: electrons and holes can be induced by applying gate voltage.
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.findings[0]
evidence status notefinding — QUOTE REPAIRED: the extractor split a hyphen-space and the quote was recorded faithfully with the damage in it, which made it unanchorable. The repaired string is an EXACT SUBSTRING of the staged text - that is why it was accepted, not because a rule produced it. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted.content_tags.findings[0]
findingGraphene forms an all-metallic field-effect transistor exhibiting ballistic transport at submicron distances even at room temperature.
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content_tags.findings[1]
quantity≈10,000 cm2/Vs — room-temperature charge-carrier mobility in graphene films
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content_tags.quantities[0]
evidence status notequantity — QUOTE REPAIRED: the extractor split a hyphen-space and the quote was recorded faithfully with the damage in it, which made it unanchorable. The repaired string is an EXACT SUBSTRING of the staged text - that is why it was accepted, not because a rule produced it. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted.content_tags.quantities[0]
quantityup to 10^13 cm-2 — electron/hole concentrations inducible by gate voltage
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content_tags.quantities[1]
quantity0.03 m0 — effective mass of light holes (from cyclotron fit)
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.quantities[2]
not machine-vouchedquantity — not-in-our-copy - The quote is in the original web page we fetched for this paper, but not in the text we tag against, which was extracted differently. Checked with ligatures, hyphens, spacing and punctuation set aside.content_tags.quantities[2]
variablegate voltage (independent)
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content_tags.variables[0]
definitiongraphene
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content_tags.definitions[0]
definitionfew-layer graphene (FLG)
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content_tags.definitions[1]
key-termsgraphene, carbon, two-dimensional, electrons, holes, semimetal, mobility, field effect, atoms
Concepts
terms this paper carries, each with the sentence it was cut from — the layer that joins one paper to another. Terms with no quote yet are on CONCEPTS.html.
conceptgraphene
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
concepts[0]
conceptfield effect
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concepts[2]
conceptfew-layer graphene
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concepts[4]
concept2D semimetal
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concepts[5]
conceptband overlap
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concepts[6]
conceptcarrier mobilities
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concepts[7]
conceptfield effect
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
concepts[8]

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