phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | man-made visually pleasing images (artworks, advertisements, architecture) share a specific pattern of higher-order statistical image properties that distinguishes them from other types of images— “Most visual advertisements are designed to attract attention, often by inducing a pleasant impression in human observers. Accordingly, results from brain imaging studies show that advertisements can activate the brain's reward circuitry, which is also involved in the perception of other visually pleasing images, such as artworks. At the… | |
| claim-type | existence— “The present study demonstrates that images of advertisements are characterized by a specific combination of higher-order image properties (high self-similarity, intermediate complexity and intermediate anisotropy) on average. For single-product advertisements, these properties do not depend on the type of product promoted. We hypothesize that… | |
| method — evidence | — “In the present work, we investigate higher-order image properties that have been studied in visually pleasing stimuli before. On the one hand, we used a modern computational method that was developed for object recognition and categorization, the Pyramid of Histograms of Oriented Gradients (PHOG) method (Dalal and Triggs, 2005 ; Bosch et al.… | |
| object of study — evidence | — “Most visual advertisements are designed to attract attention, often by inducing a pleasant impression in human observers. Accordingly, results from brain imaging studies show that advertisements can activate the brain's reward circuitry, which is also involved in the perception of other visually pleasing images, such as artworks. At the… | |
| research question — evidence | — “(2) Given their intended visual appeal, do advertisements and images of architecture share statistical image properties with artworks and complex natural scenes?” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “Advertisements are another type of man-made images that attract human attention, often by using pleasant visual stimuli. Many psychological studies have investigated what contents are suited for advertisements in order to evoke a pleasant feeling in the observer, and there are elaborate practical instructions on how to produce an appealing… | |
| mechanism | efficient visual processing of natural-scene statistics The human visual system is adapted to process natural-scene statistics efficiently, so visually pleasing images that follow universal regularities can be processed efficiently.— “Along another line of research in experimental aesthetics, the computational approach aims to identify the statistical properties of visually pleasing images and to relate them to visual perception (Hoenig, 2005 ; Datta et al., 2006 ; Li and Chen, 2009 ; Graham and Redies, 2010 ; Amirshahi et al., 2012 , 2013 ). For example, recent studies… | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | processing fluency It has been proposed that stimuli which can be processed fluently are more aesthetic in general.— “Along another line of research in experimental aesthetics, the computational approach aims to identify the statistical properties of visually pleasing images and to relate them to visual perception (Hoenig, 2005 ; Datta et al., 2006 ; Li and Chen, 2009 ; Graham and Redies, 2010 ; Amirshahi et al., 2012 , 2013 ). For example, recent studies… | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | fast gist-level processing Higher-order image features may be processed fast at a lower level of the visual system, similar to gist perception of scenes, possibly before advertisement content is recognised.— “The present study demonstrates that images of advertisements are characterized by a specific combination of higher-order image properties (high self-similarity, intermediate complexity and intermediate anisotropy) on average. For single-product advertisements, these properties do not depend on the type of product promoted. We hypothesize that… | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | reward-circuitry activation Advertisements can activate the brain's reward circuitry, which is also involved in the perception of other visually pleasing images such as artworks.— “Most visual advertisements are designed to attract attention, often by inducing a pleasant impression in human observers. Accordingly, results from brain imaging studies show that advertisements can activate the brain's reward circuitry, which is also involved in the perception of other visually pleasing images, such as artworks. At the… | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | Berlyne two-system account of complexity Berlyne's u-shaped dependence of hedonic value on complexity was explained by the differing activation of two antagonistic brain systems, a reward system and an aversion system.— “An intermediate level of complexity has been previously linked to aesthetic perception. Berlyne ( 1974 ) described a u-shaped dependence of the hedonic value of aesthetic stimuli on complexity (or information content). He postulated that this curve could be explained by the different degrees of activation of two antagonistic systems in the… | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | biophilic preference for fractal geometry Humans may prefer fractal, self-similar geometry in architecture and urban scenes, possibly because ancestral natural surroundings had fractal characteristics.— “Another source of man-made, visually pleasing stimuli is architecture. The biophilia concept of architecture conjectures that urban planning and architectural design should be based on fractal (self-similar) geometry (Joye, 2007 , 2011 ; Taylor and Sprott, 2008 ). This theory is based on the observation that humans prefer fractal geometry in… | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | anisotropy from cardinal orientations Higher anisotropy in advertisements may arise from vertical text and image divisions along cardinal (horizontal and vertical) orientations.— “Median anisotropy is higher for advertisements than for aesthetic artworks and natural scenes. This finding may relate to the presence of vertical text and image divisions along cardinal (horizontal and vertical) orientations in advertisements. Strikingly, all image categories studied are significantly more anisotropic on average than… | mechanisms[6] |
| builds-on | the computational/statistical-image-properties approach to visual aesthetics (Redies, Amirshahi, Graham and colleagues)— “Along another line of research in experimental aesthetics, the computational approach aims to identify the statistical properties of visually pleasing images and to relate them to visual perception (Hoenig, 2005 ; Datta et al., 2006 ; Li and Chen, 2009 ; Graham and Redies, 2010 ; Amirshahi et al., 2012 , 2013 ). For example, recent studies… | claim_relations[0] |
| extends | prior PHOG analyses that distinguish artworks from other image categories— “In an earlier study, we showed that the PHOG measures (self-similarity, complexity and anisotropy) allow distinguishing artworks from many other image categories on average (Amirshahi et al., 2012 ; Redies et al., 2012 ). In the present… | claim_relations[1] |
| supports | the idea that visually pleasing man-made images share specific higher-order statistical properties allowing efficient visual processing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| supports | the biophilia hypothesis that humans prefer fractal, self-similar geometry in architecture Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| qualifies | Berlyne's link between intermediate complexity and aesthetic preference Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| contrasts-with | prior studies of basic print-advertisement features (color, size, spacing) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| sense | complexity - measured sense: the mean of all gradient strengths in the gradient image, an objective image statistic Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | complexity - hedonic/conceptual sense: Berlyne's information content, whose intermediate level is judged more aesthetic Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | complexity - fractal-dimension sense: the density of edges in a binarized image Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | self-similarity - measured sense: PHOG histogram-intersection similarity of image sections to a reference section across pyramid levels Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | self-similarity - fractal/aesthetic sense: fractal-like self-similar structure that can evoke aesthetic experience Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | anisotropy - measured sense: statistical variance of image-feature strength across orientations, distinguishing artworks (low) from advertisements (higher) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| sense | aesthetic value - Birkhoff sense: a function of the ratio of order (here self-similarity) to complexity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[6] |
| sense | aesthetics - computational sense: statistical image properties relatable to visual perception, as against the perceptual experience of pleasingness Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[7] |
| note | the computational/statistical-image-properties approach to visual aesthetics (Redies, Amirshahi, Graham and colleagues) — Applies previously developed PHOG measures and Fourier/fractal analyses to advertisements and architecture. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| weight | the computational/statistical-image-properties approach to visual aesthetics (Redies, Amirshahi, Graham and colleagues) — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| note | prior PHOG analyses that distinguish artworks from other image categories — Adds advertisements and architecture to the categories distinguished by the PHOG measures. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| weight | prior PHOG analyses that distinguish artworks from other image categories — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| note | the idea that visually pleasing man-made images share specific higher-order statistical properties allowing efficient visual processing — Speculative extension of the idea to print advertising. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| weight | the idea that visually pleasing man-made images share specific higher-order statistical properties allowing efficient visual processing — 0.85 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| note | the biophilia hypothesis that humans prefer fractal, self-similar geometry in architecture — Self-similarity and complexity similarities support it, but anisotropy is much higher than in natural scenes. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| weight | the biophilia hypothesis that humans prefer fractal, self-similar geometry in architecture — 0.7 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| note | Berlyne's link between intermediate complexity and aesthetic preference — Support is qualified by the lack of well-controlled complexity-manipulation studies. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| weight | Berlyne's link between intermediate complexity and aesthetic preference — 0.7 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| note | prior studies of basic print-advertisement features (color, size, spacing) — This work targets higher-order global properties not previously studied. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| weight | prior studies of basic print-advertisement features (color, size, spacing) — 0.85 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| note | advertisements —is-a→ man-made images — Flat categorical kindhood, cue 'another type of'. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| relation | advertisements —is-a→ man-made images — Advertisements are another type of man-made images that attract human attention. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| note | complexity —operationalised-as→ gradient image — Measurement/definition of complexity via the gradient image. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| relation | complexity —operationalised-as→ gradient image — Complexity is operationalised as the mean of all gradient strengths in the gradient image. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| weight | complexity —operationalised-as→ gradient image — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| note | fractal dimension —operationalised-as→ box-counting method — Fractal dimension operationalised via the box-counting method. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| relation | fractal dimension —operationalised-as→ box-counting method — The fractal (box-counting) dimension is estimated by fitting a line to the box-counting plot. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| weight | fractal dimension —operationalised-as→ box-counting method — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| note | advertisements —contrasted-with→ artworks — Differentiator: anisotropy; the two share most other properties. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| relation | advertisements —contrasted-with→ artworks — Median anisotropy is higher for advertisements than for artworks, which are distinctively low in anisotropy. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| weight | advertisements —contrasted-with→ artworks — 0.85 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| note | single-product advertisements —contrasted-with→ leaflets — Differentiator: complexity. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| relation | single-product advertisements —contrasted-with→ leaflets — Single-product advertisements are generally less complex than leaflets that promote multiple products per page. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| weight | single-product advertisements —contrasted-with→ leaflets — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| audit | urban scenes —contrasted-with→ buildings — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span is about buildings' self-similarity; 'urban scenes' is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| note | urban scenes —contrasted-with→ buildings — Differentiator: self-similarity. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| relation | urban scenes —contrasted-with→ buildings — In contrast to buildings and facades, urban scenes contain more diverse elements and are less self-similar. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| weight | urban scenes —contrasted-with→ buildings — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| relation | higher-order image properties → aesthetic perception — higher-order image properties may play a causative role in perceiving stimuli as pleasing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[0] |
| weight | higher-order image properties → aesthetic perception — 0.5 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[0] |
| relation | processing fluency → aesthetic value — fluent processing is proposed to increase aesthetic response Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[1] |
| weight | processing fluency → aesthetic value — 0.5 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[1] |
| relation | complexity → fractal dimension — complexity is strongly correlated with the fractal dimension Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[2] |
| weight | complexity → fractal dimension — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[2] |
| relation | self-similarity → complexity — self-similarity correlates with complexity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[3] |
| weight | self-similarity → complexity — 0.85 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[3] |
| relation | self-similarity → PHOG method — self-similarity is one of the measures Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[4] |
| weight | self-similarity → PHOG method — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[4] |
| no type for this | higher-order image properties → aesthetic perception — The paper speculates that specific higher-order image properties may enhance visual effectiveness and play a causative role in judging stimuli pleasing, but whether they do remains to be investigated. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[0] |
| no type for this | processing fluency → aesthetic value — Stimuli that can be processed fluently are proposed to be more aesthetic in general. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[1] |
| no type for this | complexity → fractal dimension — Complexity and the fractal dimension are the most strongly correlated of the measures studied. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[2] |
| no type for this | self-similarity → complexity — Self-similarity and complexity are also relatively strongly correlated across all images. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[3] |
| no type for this | self-similarity → PHOG method — Self-similarity, complexity and anisotropy are the measures obtained with the PHOG method. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[4] |
| limitation | Whether these image properties are necessary or sufficient to induce aesthetic perception, and how they correlate with brain activation, remains to be investigated. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The measured properties are not independent, so the precise relation between the different measures remains to be determined. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The dependence of beauty on complexity is not straightforward, and there is a general lack of well-controlled studies that manipulate complexity in such images. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | Monochrome artworks are not equivalent to grayscale versions of colored paintings, because conversion to grayscale may destroy their aesthetic appeal. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | The role of anisotropy in architectural aesthetics remains unclear. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | Whether the specific pattern of the three measures is required or sufficient for aesthetic perception remains to be studied. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | On average, images of advertisements and artworks share a similar degree of complexity (fractal dimension) and self-similarity and similarities in the Fourier spectrum, but advertisements are more anisotropic than artworks. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Images of advertisements are characterized by a specific combination of higher-order image properties: high self-similarity, intermediate complexity and intermediate anisotropy. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | For single-product advertisements, the measured image properties do not depend on the type of product promoted (cars, cosmetics, fashion or other). Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Median anisotropy is higher for advertisements than for artworks and natural scenes, and nearly all categories are significantly more anisotropic than artworks except the natural categories. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | The measured properties are not independent; the strongest correlation is between complexity and the fractal dimension. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | The PHOG measures (self-similarity, complexity and anisotropy) allow distinguishing artworks from many other image categories on average. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Statistical testing showed overall differences between all 15 image groups on all six measures (p < 0.001). Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Images of architecture share statistical properties with images of advertisements to a large extent. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | The three PHOG approaches to self-similarity (parent, neighbor, ground) give different absolute values but are robust for the relative differences between image categories. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| quantity | about 200 color images per dataset — size of each of the 15 image-category datasets Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 15 image categories — number of image categories analysed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 197 paintings — size of the artworks dataset Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | self-similarity 0.62 (advertisements) vs 0.68 (artworks), ground approach — PHOG self-similarity, advertisements compared to artworks Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | complexity 9.00 (advertisements), 7.23 (artworks), 28.25 (branches) — PHOG complexity values across categories Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | anisotropy 0.70x10-3 (advertisements) vs 0.49x10-3 (artworks) — anisotropy is higher for advertisements than artworks Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | Fourier slope -2.57 (advertisements), -2.45 to -2.53 (architecture), -2.77 (artworks) — slope of the radially averaged Fourier power spectrum by category Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 100,000 pixels — image size to which all images were reduced for the PHOG analysis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 16 bins covering 360 degrees — orientation bins used to compute the HOG features Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | level 3 (64 sub-sections) — highest pyramid level used in the analysis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| variable | self-similarity (measured image property compared across categories) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | complexity (measured image property compared across categories) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | anisotropy (measured image property compared across categories) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | fractal dimension (measured image property, edge density in binarized images) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | Fourier slope (measured image property, slope of the radial Fourier power spectrum) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | Birkhoff-like measure (composite measured property, self-similarity divided by complexity) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[5] |
| variable | image category (grouping factor - 15 image categories compared) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| variable | type of product (within single-product advertisements: cars, fashion, cosmetics, other) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| variable | resolution of the images (controlled parameter affecting measured values, fixed at 100,000 pixels) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| definition | anisotropy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | complexity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | fractal dimension Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | self-similarity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | Birkhoff-like measure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | biophilia Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | Fourier slope Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| concept | statistical image properties — not defined in this paper's own words; objective, computationally measured global properties of images Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[0] |
| concept | higher-order image properties — not defined in this paper's own words; global image statistics beyond basic local features such as color and size Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[1] |
| concept | self-similarity — not defined in this paper's own words; degree to which image sub-regions resemble a reference region / fractal-like repetition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[2] |
| concept | complexity — not defined in this paper's own words; amount of detail in an image, measured as mean gradient strength Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[3] |
| concept | anisotropy — not defined in this paper's own words; variance of image-feature strength across orientations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[4] |
| concept | Birkhoff-like measure — not defined in this paper's own words; aesthetic-value proxy, self-similarity divided by complexity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[5] |
| concept | fractal dimension — not defined in this paper's own words; density of edges in a binarized image, an indicator of complexity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[6] |
| concept | Fourier slope — not defined in this paper's own words; slope of the radially averaged Fourier power spectrum, near -2 for fractal-like images Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[7] |
| concept | PHOG method — not defined in this paper's own words; Pyramid of Histograms of Oriented Gradients, a computer-vision method yielding global image statistics Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[8] |
| concept | gradient image — not defined in this paper's own words; image of per-pixel gradient strengths from which complexity and other measures are computed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[9] |
| concept | box-counting method — not defined in this paper's own words; estimation of fractal dimension by covering a binarized image with boxes of decreasing size Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[10] |
| concept | aesthetic perception — not defined in this paper's own words; the perceptual experience of an image as visually pleasing or beautiful Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[11] |
| concept | experimental aesthetics — not defined in this paper's own words; the study of brain and perceptual responses to beautiful images and objects Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[12] |
| concept | reward circuitry — not defined in this paper's own words; brain reward system activated by advertisements and by visually pleasing artworks Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[13] |
| concept | visually pleasing images — not defined in this paper's own words; images that induce a pleasant impression - artworks, advertisements, architecture, natural scenes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[14] |
| concept | man-made images — not defined in this paper's own words; human-produced images (advertisements, artworks, architecture) as opposed to natural images Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[15] |
| concept | advertisements — not defined in this paper's own words; print advertisements designed to attract attention by inducing a pleasant impression Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[16] |
| concept | artworks — not defined in this paper's own words; colored (mostly oil) paintings used as the reference class of visually pleasing images Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[17] |
| concept | architecture — not defined in this paper's own words; photographed urban scenes, buildings and facades as visually pleasing man-made stimuli Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[18] |
| concept | single-product advertisements — not defined in this paper's own words; advertisements showing one product (cars, fashion, cosmetics, other) per page Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[19] |
| concept | leaflets — not defined in this paper's own words; supermarket and department-store leaflets promoting several products per page Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[20] |
| concept | urban scenes — not defined in this paper's own words; architectural photographs of street views or groups of buildings Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[21] |
| concept | buildings — not defined in this paper's own words; architectural photographs of entire single buildings Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[22] |
| concept | natural scenes — not defined in this paper's own words; large-vista natural landscapes used as a natural-image comparison class Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[23] |
| concept | aesthetic value — not defined in this paper's own words; Birkhoff's aesthetic worth of a stimulus, a function of order and complexity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[24] |
| concept | order — not defined in this paper's own words; Birkhoff's order term in the order/complexity ratio, here substituted by self-similarity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[25] |
| concept | biophilia — not defined in this paper's own words; human preference for natural, fractal-like patterns, applied to architecture Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[26] |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
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