| P · prime | an incidental reminder of money |
| T · target | a social situation (helping, distance) |
| B · baseline | sociality with a neutral reminder |
| E · priming effect | less helping, more self-sufficiency |
| A · association | congruent (positive) |
phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | money priming and self-sufficiency— “The results of nine experiments suggest that money brings about a self-sufficient orientation in which people prefer to be free of dependency and dependents.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “We propose that both outcomes emerge from the same underlying process: Money makes people feel self-sufficient and behave accordingly.” | |
| method — evidence | — “Our research activates the concept of money through the use of mental priming techniques, which heighten the accessibility of the idea of money but at a level below participants’ conscious awareness.” | |
| transfer | from social / cognitive psychology (priming): using a subtle money-priming manipulation (a psychology method) to study its effects on economic and social behavior— “Reminders of money, relative to nonmoney reminders, led to reduced requests for help and reduced helpfulness toward others” | transfers[0] |
| mechanism | reminders of money shift people into a self-sufficient orientation - more independent, less helpful and less help-seeking— “The results of nine experiments suggest that money brings about a self-sufficient orientation in which people prefer to be free of dependency and dependents” | mechanisms[0] |
| extends | prior research on the effects of money— “The self-sufficiency hypothesis encapsulates findings from extant research on money.” | claim_relations[0] |
| builds-on | Lea and Webley (1)— “A recent theory by Lea and Webley (1), which characterizes money as both a tool and a drug, emphasizes that people value money for its instrumentality: Money enables people to achieve goals without aid from others.” | claim_relations[1] |
| builds-on | Frank, Gilovich, and Regan (13)— “Economics students also were more convinced than noneconomists that their competitors would make self-interested moves, a result that echoes the present thesis that money evokes a view that everyone fends for himor herself.” | claim_relations[2] |
| sense | THE DEFINITION AND THEN THE REFUSAL OF ITS CONNOTATION, IN CONSECUTIVE SENTENCES. Self-sufficiency is `an insulated state wherein people put forth effort to attain personal goals and prefer to be separate from others` - and then: `The term as we define it does not imply a value judgment and encompasses a mixture of desirable and undesirable qualities.` That second sentence is the paper's whole argumentative move. `Self-sufficiency` in ordinary English is a compliment; stripped of its valence it can carry `worked harder` and `helped less` at once, which is exactly what the nine experiments show— “The term as we define it does not imply a value judgment and encompasses a mixture of desirable and undesirable qualities, which may help explain the positive and negative consequences of money” | senses[0] |
| sense | ONE PROCESS FOR TWO OPPOSITE-VALENCE LITERATURES, STATED AS THE PAPER'S PROPOSAL: `Some scholars have pointed to its role as an incentive ... Others, however, have deplored money for undermining interpersonal harmony. We propose that both outcomes emerge from the same underlying process: Money makes people feel self-sufficient and behave accordingly.` Two bodies of work that had been read as contradicting each other are re-described as one effect seen from two sides - and the only thing that makes that possible is the value-neutral definition in the previous row— “We propose that both outcomes emerge from the same underlying process: Money makes people feel self-sufficient and behave accordingly” | senses[1] |
| sense | THE OBJECT IS AN IDEA AND THE PAPER SAYS SO BEFORE ANY EXPERIMENT: `In this Report, `money` refers to a distinct entity, a particular economic concept ... we use the term money to represent the idea of money, not property or possessions.` Nobody is given, shown or promised wealth. A stipulative definition placed before the method, which is rare in this corpus and is what makes the result a claim about concepts rather than about incentives - and it is precisely the move a critic must accept before the findings can even be stated— “In this Report, “money” refers to a distinct entity, a particular economic concept. Consistent with other scholarly uses of the term (1), we use the term money to represent the idea of money, not property or possessions” | senses[2] |
| sense | AND PRIMING IS DEFINED BY MECHANISM AND LOCATION RATHER THAN BY EFFECT: it works `through the use of mental priming techniques, which heighten the accessibility of the idea of money but at a level below participants' conscious awareness. Thus, priming acts as a nonconscious reminder of the concept of money.` Two commitments in one sentence - what the prime changes (accessibility) and where it changes it (below awareness) - and the second is the one a replication can fail on without touching the first— “Our research activates the concept of money through the use of mental priming techniques, which heighten the accessibility of the idea of money but at a level below participants’ conscious awareness. Thus, priming acts as a nonconscious reminder of the concept of money” | senses[3] |
| control | participants randomly assigned to the three conditions of Experiment 1 — held — rules out self-selection into the money-priming conditions | controls[0] |
| control | random assignment between the high-money and restricted-money manipulations, so the two primes differ only in the idea they activate — held — rules out a difference between the kinds of people who received each prime, on an effect measured as a difference between the primes | controls[1] |
| effect direction | priming —causes→ accessibility — increases Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| note | priming —causes→ accessibility — DEFINITIONAL RATHER THAN EMPIRICAL, like the Minton2017 row: this is what the technique is FOR, stated in the method rather than found in the results. Weighted 0.95, and the direction is unambiguous in the quote - 'heighten'. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| weight | priming —causes→ accessibility — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| audit | money —causes→ self-sufficiency — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span is conditional ('If money brings about ...'); the sign states it as a finding. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| effect direction | money —causes→ self-sufficiency — increases Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| note | money —causes→ self-sufficiency — GROUNDED ON THE HYPOTHESIS, NOT THE RESULT, AND WEIGHTED 0.7 FOR IT. The results sentence - 'nine experiments SUGGEST…' - writes the construct as an adjective, which cannot attest the noun this node uses. The conditional does, and it carries 'If', which is the right amount of commitment for an edge on a contested effect: money2013 on this corpus is the 2015 reply to a failed replication of the related Caruso et al. result, and it offers four moderators for when this should hold at all. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| weight | money —causes→ self-sufficiency — 0.7 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[1] |
| replication | untested |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Reminders of money, relative to nonmoney reminders, led to fewer requests for help and less helpfulness toward others, and money-primed participants preferred to play alone, work alone and keep more physical distance from a new acquaintance. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| evidence status note | finding — QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Participants reminded of money reliably performed independent but socially insensitive actions. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| evidence status note | finding — QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| quantity | nine experiments — number of experiments supporting the self-sufficiency conclusion Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| variable | requests for help (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | helpfulness (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| definition | self-sufficient orientation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| key-terms | money, primed, participants, help, reminders, behavior, experiments, concept, social |
| concept | priming Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[0] |
| concept | self-sufficiency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[3] |
| concept | money — not defined in this paper's own words; AN IDEA, NOT A THING, and the paper says so before any experiment: the manipulation is a reminder of a concept, and nobody is given, shown or promised any wealth Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[7] |
| concept | accessibility — not defined in this paper's own words; the quantity the prime is said to raise - and the mechanism claim is entirely about how READY the idea is, not about what it makes anyone believe Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[8] |
| ANOVA F | as written: F(2,49) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| evidence status note | ANOVA — QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| hypothesis-testing | as written: tested the hypothesis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| mean μ | as written: average of Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| odds-ratio OR | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| evidence status note | odds-ratio — QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| p-value p | as written: P < 0.02 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| evidence status note | p-value — QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| sample-size n/N | as written: n = 37 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| standard-deviation SD/σ | as written: SD Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| evidence status note | standard-deviation — QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| statistical-significance | as written: significantly Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| evidence status note | statistical-significance — QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| t-test t | as written: t(49) = Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| evidence status note | t-test — QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
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